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                      莫扎特之旅-文化交流-音乐历史上的今天                    
                     
 
 
                   
                     

                   
                     
 
 

 
 

                             田润德 编译 文/图 2020-08-06  20:36

 
 
 
 
   
 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  路德维希二世 (Ludwig II 1845—1886)      
         
 

【中文字幕】大都会歌剧院-瓦格纳《尼伯龙根的指环》全集

     
  《尼伯龙根的指环》(Der Ring Des Nibelungen)是德国音乐家瓦格纳作曲及编剧的一部大型乐剧,整个于1848年开始创作,至1874年完成,历时共26年。创作灵感来自北欧神话内的故事及人物,特别是冰岛家族传说 (Icelanders' sagas,冰岛历史英雄故事散文)。 《尼伯龙根的指环》由四部歌剧组成,亦被瓦格纳称为"舞台节庆典三日剧及前夕"。 同名影片根据德国民间诗史《尼白龙根之歌》和北欧《沃尔松格传说》改编。讲述的是一个年轻铁匠齐格弗里德的故事      
 
     
  音乐历史上的今天

1876年8月6日,午夜刚过,仍在病中的路德维希二世为《指环》的首演微服来到拜鲁伊特。在看完带装彩排后,他悄悄地离开。“我来是想用您杰出的作品来热情地犒劳自己,振奋我的心灵和精神;我来可不是为了被好奇者呆立围观,也不是为了博人起立喝彩。”

路德维希二世 Ludwig II(1845年8月25日—1886年6月13日)。维特尔斯巴赫王朝的巴伐利亚国王。全名为:路德维希·奥托·弗里德里希·威廉 Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm。绰号“童话国王”、“天鹅国王”、“疯王路德维希”。
以对艺术的狂热追求而著称。兴建了包括新天鹅堡在内的数座城堡。同时也是瓦格纳的忠实崇拜者和资助人,资助修建了拜罗伊特节日剧院,专门上演瓦格纳的歌剧。
路德维希二世沉浸在个人幻想中的行为引起了王室保守派的不满。1886年6月被以精神病为由废黜。数日后与医生外出散步时神秘地死于斯坦恩贝格湖。

路易二世(Ludwig II),原名为疯狂的路德维希国王,德国人柯尼格路德维希,1864年至1886年是巴伐利亚州的古怪国王,也是作曲家理查德瓦格纳的崇拜者和赞助人。他将自己的领土纳入了新成立的德意志帝国(1871年),但他只是断断续续地关心国家事务,他更喜欢过一种越来越病态的隐居生活,并热衷于建造奢华的建筑项目。
路易是巴伐利亚国王马克西米利安二世和普鲁士王后玛丽的长子。在政治上,他是一个浪漫的保守派,在他父亲1864年去世后,他在完成学业之前登上了王位。1866年,路易加入了奥地利的七周战争(Seven Weeks’s War),但战败后,他与普鲁士(1867)签署了结盟协议,并通过他的首相克洛德威格(Chlodwig), Furst von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfurst,促成了德国两个大国之间的和解。作为一个德国爱国者,他拒绝了拿破仑三世提出的建立法奥巴伐利亚联盟的建议,并在1870-71年与法国的战争中立即加入普鲁士。1870年12月,在俾斯麦的倡议下,路易给德国的王子们写了一封信,呼吁建立一个新的帝国。尽管他要求大量增加领土和在普鲁士和巴伐利亚之间交替皇帝头衔的要求仍然没有实现,但巴伐利亚的一些特权减轻了他对王位独立的担忧。对帝国的失望,对巴伐利亚人泛德热情的警惕,以及对他加强教会的行动与部长们的争斗感到厌倦,他越来越多地退出政治,越来越多地投身于他的个人追求。
即位后不久,国王把理查德·瓦格纳召到慕尼黑。然而,仅仅过了一年多,他就被迫驱逐了这位作曲家,因为政府和民众都反对他和瓦格纳的友谊,而且瓦格纳本身也有不正当行为,尽管路易斯一直是这位音乐家的终身赞助人。国王崇拜戏剧和歌剧,从此以后,他几乎完全专注于他的艺术努力,发展了一种在他所热爱的巴伐利亚山区建筑的狂热。赫伦基姆西宫(Herrenchiemsee)建于1878年至1885年,从未完工,是凡尔赛宫的复制品;林德霍夫宫(1869-78)是仿照特里亚农宫建造的;新天鹅堡是最奇异的一座童话般的城堡,摇摇欲坠地坐落在峭壁上,装饰着瓦格纳浪漫主义歌剧的场景。
9世纪80年代早期,国王几乎完全退出了社会。最后,1886年6月10日,一组医生宣布他患有精神病。他的叔父吕特波尔德王子成为摄政王。在精神病医生伯恩哈德·冯·古登的帮助下,他被转移到斯塔恩伯格附近的施洛斯堡,6月13日,他投湖自尽。古登为了救国王也牺牲了。

今日视频:1、大都会歌剧院-瓦格纳《尼伯龙根的指环》全集;2、纪录片《
瓦格纳的拜罗伊特节日剧院剧场与乐池设计介绍》

 
 
 
 
 
   
  路德维希二世 (Ludwig II。      
  路德维希二世为巴伐利亚国王马克西米利安二世之子,母亲为普鲁士公主玛丽亚,生于宁芬堡(今日慕尼黑的一部分)。路德维希二世小时候就受到极为严格的王室教育。那时他最快乐的时光就是同家人参观高地天鹅堡(又译“霍亨施万郜”,Hohenschwangau),以及和至友(也很可能是他的情人)图恩和塔克西斯家族的保罗一起朗诵诗歌,扮演瓦格纳歌剧中的角色。路德维希二世与表姑奥地利皇后伊莉莎白即茜茜公主(路德维希二世的祖父与茜茜公主的妈妈乃同父异母的兄妹)保持着终生的友谊,他们同样热爱着大自然和诗歌,他们将自己分别比作老鹰和海鸥。同时在1853年到1863年间的暑假则同父亲一起去往贝希特斯加登的国王别墅。 然而从19世纪末开始有传言,路德维希二世于1857年由于一次在别墅花园的意外事件后就强烈地拒绝拜访贝希特斯加登,并于1864年他父亲去世后很长一段时间都不再拜访贝希特斯加登。        
   
  路德维希二世 (Ludwig II )与夫人索菲及孩子合影      
 
     
  Today in the history of music

It was just after midnight on August 6, 1876, and Ludwig II, still ill, arrived in Bayreuth in disguise for the premiere of the Ring.After watching the dress rehearsal, he left quietly."I have come to reward myself warmly with your outstanding work, to refresh my mind and spirit;I'm not here to be gawked at or to get people standing up for me."
Ludwig II (August 25, 1845 -- June 13, 1886)The Bavarian king of the Wittelsbach dynasty.Full name: Ludwig Otto Friedrich Wilhelm.Nickname "Fairy King", "Swan King", "Mad King Ludwig".
It is famous for its fanatical pursuit of art.Several castles were built, including Neuschwanstein castle.He was also a great admirer and patron of Wagner, who helped to build the Bayreuth Festival Theatre, dedicated to his operas.
Ludwig II's immersion in a personal fantasy raised the ire of royal conservatives.He was deposed in June 1886 on the grounds of mental illness.He died mysteriously a few days later in Lake Steinberg while out for a walk with his doctor.
Ludwig II, formerly known as Mad Ludwig, was a German koenig Ludwig and eccentric king of Bavaria from 1864 to 1886. He was also an admirer and patron of the composer Richard Wagner.He incorporated his territory into the newly formed German Empire (1871), but he was only intermittently concerned with state affairs, preferring an increasingly morbid reclusive life and a passion for extravagant construction projects.
Louis II, byname Mad King Ludwig, German Der Verrückte König Ludwig, (born August 25, 1845, Nymphenburg Palace, Munich—died June 13, 1886, Starnberger See, Bavaria), eccentric king of Bavaria from 1864 to 1886 and an admirer and patron of the composer Richard Wagner. He brought his territories into the newly founded German Empire (1871) but concerned himself only intermittently with affairs of state, preferring a life of increasingly morbid seclusion and developing a mania for extravagant building projects.
Louis was the elder son of King Maximilian II of Bavaria and Marie of Prussia. Politically a romantic conservative, he came to the throne after his father’s death in 1864 before he had completed his studies. Louis entered the Seven Weeks’ War (1866) on the side of Austria but, on his defeat, signed an alliance with Prussia (1867) and, through his prime minister, Chlodwig, Fürst von Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst, worked for a reconciliation between Germany’s two great powers. A German patriot, he resisted the overtures of Napoleon III for a Franco-Austrian-Bavarian alliance and immediately joined Prussia in the war of 1870–71 against France. In December 1870, on the initiative of Bismarck, Louis addressed a letter to Germany’s princes calling for the creation of a new empire. His fears for the independence of his crown were allayed by a number of special privileges for Bavaria, although his demands for a substantial territorial increase and the alternation of the imperial title between Prussia and Bavaria remained unfulfilled. Disappointed with the empire, alarmed by the Bavarian population’s Pan-German enthusiasm, and weary of feuding with his ministers over his moves to strengthen the church, he retired more and more from politics, devoting himself increasingly to his private pursuits.
In the early 1880s the king withdrew from society almost completely. Finally, on June 10, 1886, he was declared insane by a panel of doctors. His uncle Prince Luitpold became regent. Removed to Schloss Berg near the Starnberger See by the psychiatrist Bernhard von Gudden, he drowned himself in the lake on June 13. Gudden also perished attempting to save the king’s life.
Video of the day: 1. Metropolitan Opera - Complete works of Wagner's Ring of Nibelungen;2. Documentary "Introduction to theater and Orchestra Design of Wagner's Bayreuth Festival Theatre".

 

 
 
 
 
     
   
  理查德·瓦格纳(Wilhelm  Wagner) 在拜罗伊特节日剧院指挥自己的歌剧      
  1976年7月,世界各地约有十万旅游者拥向纽伦堡东北方向约85公里的一个小城——拜罗伊特,参加拜罗伊特剧院落成一百周年的盛大庆典。有1925个座席的 拜罗伊特大剧院,自从1876年5月22日由瓦格纳奠定第一块基石以来,坚持高质量演出瓦格纳全部歌剧作品的信念,至今已成为名不虚传的全世界瓦格纳歌剧音乐迷所热切想往的“麦加圣
 地”。
 拜罗伊特剧院在风雨飘摇之中能坚持百年之久,主要是富于天才又有不屈不挠埋头苦干精神的瓦格纳家族的功劳。自有拜罗伊特音乐季以来一直是瓦格纳家族成员主持每年一度的盛会。最早的一代是作曲家本人,以及他的遗孀——李斯特的女儿柯西玛;接着是第二代瓦格纳的儿子齐格弗利特与他的夫人威妮弗丽;然后是1949年接班的第三代孙子辈的威廉;现在掌握大权的则是威廉的弟弟沃尔夫冈。他们每一代都继承了瓦格纳的传统,同时又都有大胆的革新,从而保持了瓦格纳歌剧蓬勃的生命力。
 一个剧院的发展史也就是一个家族的兴衰史,这在整个欧洲音乐史上也是独一无二的事例。
     
   
  理查德·瓦格纳(Wilhelm  Wagner)设计的拜罗伊特节日剧院外形      
 
     
       
  在巴伐利亚阿尔卑斯山脉的高天鹅城堡      
  高天鹅城堡是建于19世纪的宫殿,建在施旺高城堡的遗址上。它位于德国西南部的高天鹅村,距离福森镇只有10分钟的公共汽车车程,非常靠近奥地利边境。
它由巴伐利亚国王马克西米利安二世建造,也是巴伐利亚国王路德维希二世的童年居所。高天鹅是马克西米利安、他的妻子普鲁士的玛丽以及他们的两个儿子路德维希(后来成为巴伐利亚国王路德维希二世)和奥托(后来也成为巴伐利亚国王奥托一世)的官方避暑和狩猎居所。
     
   
  巴伐利亚阿尔卑斯山脉的高天鹅城堡      
  Built by King Maximilian II of Bavaria, it is also the childhood residence of King Ludwig II of Bavaria. Hohenschwangau was the official summer and hunting residence of Maximilian, his wife Marie of Prussia, and their two sons Ludwig (who would become King Ludwig II of Bavaria) and Otto (who also later would become King Otto I of Bavaria).
     
   
  新天鹅堡(英语:New Swan Stone Castle、德语:Schloss Neuschwanstein)全名新天鹅石城堡,是19世纪晚期的建筑,位于德国巴伐利亚西南方,邻近年代较早的高天鹅堡(Schloss Hohenschwangau,又称旧天鹅堡),距离菲森(Fussen)镇约4公里,离德国与奥地利边界不远。
新天鹅城堡是德国的象征,由于是迪斯尼城堡的原型,也有人叫灰姑娘城堡。建于1869年。这座城堡是巴伐利亚国王路德维希二世的行宫之一。共有360个房间,其中只有14个房间依照设计完工,其他的346个房间则因为国王在1886年逝世而未完成。是德国境内受拍照最多的建筑物,也是最受欢迎的旅游景点之一。
     
   
  Neuschwanstein (New Swan Stone Castle) is a late 19th century building located in southwestern Bavaria, Germany, near the older Schloss Hohenschwangau (also known as old Swan Castle). It is about 4 km from the town of Fussen, not far from the Border between Germany and Austria.
Neuschwan castle is the symbol of Germany, because it is the prototype of Disney castle, also known as Cinderella castle.It was built in 1869.The castle was one of the palaces of King Ludwig II of Bavaria.Of the 360 rooms, only 14 were completed to their design, and the other 346 were unfinished when the king died in 1886.It is the most photographed building in Germany and one of the most popular tourist attractions.
     
         
       
  新天鹅堡豪华的富丽堂皇的内景      
  新天鹅堡,堡内到处装饰有天鹅的日常用品、帏帐、壁画,就连盥洗室的自来水水龙头,也装饰着天鹅形状。堡内的生活用水方面,是在二百公尺高的山谷中,建造蓄水池,储存石缝中流出的清水,利用自然的力量水压,提供包括顶层在内全堡的用水。例如寝室内设有天鹅形状的送水装置,一转动水龙头便有清水自水龙头流出。此外,厨房内侧设有锅炉房,整个宫殿因暖风而变得温暖,在严寒的冬季只有暖风是不够的,另外设置了卷吊装置,将暖炉的燃料送至各个层楼。
天鹅堡中的歌剧厅(Saengersaal)和骑士浴室(Ritterbad)的设计就采用了瓦尔特堡的设计图为蓝本。此外路德维希还受到西班牙摩尔人建筑风格的影响。他想把天鹅堡建成作曲家瓦格纳作品中的幻想的日耳曼传说世界。城堡的设计主要交付给剧场布景设计师克里斯蒂安·扬克(Christian Jank)设计。城堡中随处可见典型的哥特式建筑细节,而所有门窗、列柱回廊则呈现巴洛克风格。也许因为新天鹅堡的名字,整个城堡中所有的水龙头以及家具和房间配饰都是形态各异、栩栩如生的天鹅造型。城堡内装饰极其奢华,从天花板、灯饰、墙壁到日常用具,无一不是工匠精雕细琢之作。
从奥格斯堡到富森,光是坐火车一路的风景都会让遐思神往。这犹如人间仙境的地方藏着有关魔法、国王,骑士的古老的民间传说,还有那无边原始的森林、柔嫩的山坡、无边的绿野上漫步着成群的牛羊,积雪终年的阿尔卑斯山和无尽宽阔的大湖。
     
   
  新天鹅堡豪华的内景      
  The neuschwanstein Castle is decorated with swan furnishings, draperies, frescoes, and even water taps in the washroom.In terms of domestic water, a reservoir was built in a 200-meter-high valley to store the fresh water flowing out of the stone crevice. The water pressure of natural forces was utilized to provide water for the whole castle, including the top floor.For example, there is a swan shaped water supply device in the dormitory. When the tap is turned, fresh water will flow out of the tap.In addition, the inside of the kitchen is equipped with a boiler room. The whole palace becomes warm because of the warm wind, which is not enough in the cold winter. In addition, a winding device is set up to send the fuel of the heater to each floor.
The design of the Opera house (Saengersaal) and the Bathroom (Ritterbad) in The Swan Castle is based on the design drawings of Walther Castle.Ludwig was also influenced by the Moorish architecture of Spain.He wanted to turn The Castle into a mythical Germanic world of composer Wagner.The design of the castle was handed over to theatrical set designer Christian Jank.Typical Gothic architectural details can be seen throughout the castle, while all doors, Windows, columns and cloisters are in the Baroque style.Perhaps because of the name of Neuschwanstein Castle, all the faucets, furniture and room accessories throughout the castle are all life-like swans of various shapes.The interior of the castle is lavishly decorated, with everything from the ceiling, the lights and the walls to the daily utensils, all crafted by artisans.
The train ride from Augsburg to Fussen is mesmerizing.It was a fairyland, a place of ancient folklore about magic, Kings and knights, of wild forests, of soft slopes, of herds of cattle and sheep walking on green fields, of Alps covered with snow, and of great lakes.
     
   
  新天鹅堡静谧无垠的夜景      
  新天鹅城堡是路德维希二世一个未完成的梦。在对表姑的情感破灭之后,他的感情生活一片空白:22岁那年,他在举行婚礼的两天前突然宣布解除与巴伐利亚公主索菲的婚事,此后一生未娶。他自己得不到世人的了解,便躲在自己的世界中,不轻易抛头露面,远行时甚至选择夜行。因为对现实不满,他致力于创造自己的童话世界。不料,却被举国上下一致反对,当这个城堡就要落成的前夕,1886年6月12日,这个单身富于幻想的年轻国王最后一次视察了这个城堡的工程进度,返回慕尼黑的途中,却消失在夜幕里,第二天清晨在湖中发现国王和古登医生的尸体。而恰恰在此5天前,巴伐利亚国家医药委员会刚刚宣布路德维希二世患有精神病。当时他只有41岁。路德维希的死给他的家人留下了1500万马克的债务,也给世人留下了未完的梦(路德维希二世死后工程随之停止)。直到上世纪六十年代,人们还是将建造新天鹅城堡斥为愚蠢行为。
世事沧桑,德国人把路德维希二世的梦变成了现实,耗费巨资建成的新天鹅城堡成为德国旅游业赚钱的大户,这个用国王的鲜血换来得城堡却是这个小镇的主要收入来源,已经有过百万的游客来这里欣赏这个童话色彩的城堡,成为德国最热门的旅游景点之一。
     
 
     
       
  威廉·理查德·瓦格纳(Wilhelm Richard Wagner,1813-1883)      
  瓦格纳像沃坦那样梦想为自己建造英灵殿——拜罗伊特节日剧院,专门上演自己的作品。科西玛婚后最大的愿望就是帮助瓦格纳实现梦想,他们一起到德刚各地寻找能够实践瓦格纳戏剧和剧院建设理想的地方,当见到拜罗伊特的时候,他们确信梦想已在日艮前,这里既是德国中世纪游吟诗人吟咏的故地,又属于路德维希国王的疆土。最后,在科西玛的鼓励下,瓦格纳夫妇搬到拜罗伊特居住,瓦格纳建设节日剧院,科西玛则亲手设计他们的豪华新居旺弗里德别墅,在这座宫殿里瓦格纳完成了《尼伯龙根的指环》。1876年8月13日,全部四联剧在拜罗伊特节日剧院首演,盛况空前,嘉宾云集,科西玛盛装接待贵客,尼采也来了,但看了一半便拂袖而去,为此,科西玛至死不能原谅。《指环》获得了巨大的成功,也带来了巨额财政赤字,科西玛明白这些都意味着什么。      
  Wagner, like votan, dreamed of building himself a Valhalla, the bayreuth festival theatre, to stage his works.Corsica after the biggest wish is to help Wagner to realize dream, they together to DE around looking for just to practice the ideal place for Wagner, drama and theater construction, when see bayreuth, they sure that dream had before, gen, here is a German medieval bardic intone places, and belongs to the king Ludwig's territory.Finally, encouraged by cosima, the wagenners moved to bayreuth, where he built a festival theater and cosima designed their luxurious new home, the wanfried villa, in which he finished "the ring of the nibelungen."On August 13, 1876, all four plays premiered at bayreuth festival theatre. The grand occasion was unprecedented. Guests gathered here.The ring was a huge success and led to a huge budget deficit, and cosima knew what that meant.      
 
     
       
  瓦格纳的拜罗伊特节日剧院剧场与乐池设计介绍      
 

瓦格纳为自己的作品上演建造的剧院,从剧场设计到乐池,

无不体现着他整体艺术的理念。

     
 
 
 
     
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