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田润德
编译文/图 2020-05-16
20:36 |
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约瑟夫·约阿希姆(Joseph Joachim,1831-1907) |
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约瑟夫·约阿希姆演奏《第二号匈牙利舞曲》
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(Hungarian Dance No.2) 1903年 |
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音乐历史上的今天
1904年5月16日约阿希姆在英国伦敦皇后音乐厅举旅英演出60周年纪念音乐会。
1844年3月28日在伦敦的朱里巷剧院里,经理阿尔弗雷德·布恩举办了一场音乐会,由“波西米亚的女孩”和“匈牙利的男孩”同台演出。那位“女孩”演唱的是当时极为流行的巴尔夫的轻歌剧,而那位“男孩”就是当时年仅十二岁的约阿希姆,他是首次在英国的听众面前演奏。按照当时流行的方式,约阿希姆是在轻歌剧的第一和第二幕之间,演奏恩斯特根据罗西尼《奥泰罗》的主题《大变奏曲》,大厅里的掌声震耳欲聋。两个月后,在爱乐协会举行的音乐会中,由门德尔松指挥,约阿希姆首次演奏了贝多芬的小提琴协奏曲和他本人为这首协奏曲所写的华彩乐段。事后门德尔松写信给约阿希姆的父母,热情地叙说这次演出取得了“无与伦比的成功”。听众是如此的热情,只要约阿希姆一走上舞台他们就热烈的鼓掌。他演奏这首协奏曲的开始乐句是“如此的精彩,如此有把握,而且有着如此精确的音准”,以致听众不时地鼓起掌来。有一次约阿希姆竟然转过头来对门德尔松说:“我的确给吓坏了。”全曲演完之后,听众简直不让他下台,他不得不一而再,再而三地谢幕。
约瑟夫·约阿希姆(Joseph
Joachim,1831-1907)出生在匈牙利一个名叫基特谢的小村庄里,他在一个贫苦犹太家庭中的八个孩子中排行第七。五岁时开始跟佩斯地区最好的小提琴家,同时也是当地歌剧院乐队的首席谢瓦津斯基学琴。两年后他就与他的老师一起公演二重奏了。有位评论员说他是“一位精彩的……第二个维厄当、帕格尼尼或者是奥尔·布尔”。多年之后,当人们问他是否记得当时的情景时,他的回答是,他只记得当时自己穿的是“天蓝色的外衣,有着用珍珠母做的纽扣”。
后来他到维也纳师从那里最好的老师黑尔梅斯贝格学琴。不幸的是,黑尔梅斯贝格认为谢瓦津斯基忽视了对他运弓的训练,从而造成了演奏上无法克服的困难,于是约阿希姆就去求教于恩斯特。恩斯特将他介绍给自己的老师约瑟夫·伯姆,伯姆除了改进了他的运弓技巧之外,还介绍约阿希姆学习室内乐作品。
到巴黎去深造是很自然的选择,但是约阿希姆家族有位亲戚住在莱比锡,莱比锡是当时一个很重要的音乐中心。大家都知道,自1834年以来,布商大厦管弦乐团在门德尔松的指挥下有了极大的提升,而新成立的音乐学院又使约阿希姆有了用武之地。1843年,门德尔松亲自对约阿希姆进行了考试,并建议他跟莫里茨·豪普特曼学习对位,认为他并不需要进行更多的技术训练。“让他自己去做,偶尔演奏给戴维(当时音乐学院的小提琴教授)听,以便征求他的批评和建议……我定期地和他一起演奏,作为他的艺术顾问。”
1844年4月豪普特曼在一封信中谈到了年轻的约阿希姆:
他每天只需要练习一小时。前几天他演奏了施波尔的《歌唱场景》( Op.
47),这首协奏曲他只跟戴维学习了几天。这是一场即兴式的演奏。由于找不到独奏谱,所以他就背谱演奏;他演奏得是这样的好,即使是施波尔本人也会感到满意的。他那歌唱般的声音十分动听。他的音准清晰得像铃声,在最困难的句子中,他也能演奏得准确无误。
第二年约阿希姆在英国取得了巨大的成功。在他回到莱比锡之后,他演奏了毛雷尔为四把小提琴写的协奏曲。和他同台演出的是恩斯特、巴齐尼和戴维,这些人都是世界著名的人物,而且都比他年长。显然当约阿希姆十三岁的时候,已经和当时最伟大的人物并驾齐驱了。但是约阿希姆的父母不愿意把他当成神童培养,所以他坚持完成了自己的普通教育,并且继续跟戴维学习。
门德尔松对年轻的约阿希姆有着强有力的影响,约阿希姆后来对艺术的许多人都是从与门德尔松的交往中形成的。是门德尔松向约阿希姆介绍了巴赫的音乐作品。每逢星期日,这两个人就在门德尔松的家里,连续几小时地演奏二重奏和奏鸣曲。此外在门德尔松的家里,他还结识了许多音乐界的著名人物,这对约阿希姆也是非常有利的。正是在门德尔松的家里,他见到了罗伯特·舒曼和他的妻子克拉拉,克拉拉是当时最伟大的钢琴家之一。约阿希姆和他们成了密切的朋友,后来他和克拉拉·舒曼进行了旅行演出,并且受到人们的热烈欢迎。
1847年门德尔松逝世后,莱比锡的音乐水平就下降了,约阿希姆感到需要有所改变。当时李斯特已经不再进行公演,在魏玛作为宫廷乐长而过着平静的生活。在李斯特的建议下,约阿希姆愉快地接受了大公爵乐队的首席小提琴家一职,在去魏玛之前,由于他有着天生的严肃个性,一直处在保守的状态下,在他那狭小的学习范围内生活。在去魏玛后,他在李斯特强大个性的影响下生活了三年,从而使他实现了从少年到成年时代的转变。约阿希姆在魏玛时期的作品反映出他受了李斯特的强大影响。在魏玛他创作了《g小调小提琴协奏曲》(0p.3),并把它献给了李斯特。李斯特为表达自己的谢意,为约阿希姆创作了《升c小调匈牙利狂想曲》。
约阿希姆在魏玛的生活是矛盾的,一方面他佩服李斯特,是李斯特的朋友;另一方面他也受自己的艺术趣味的支配。对他来讲,“古典”音乐是最重要的,而李斯特和“古典”作品就好像是油和水一样无法融合一起。此外,当时对瓦格纳音乐的崇拜也渗透到魏玛的音乐趣味中来,但对约阿希姆来讲,这简直是无法无天,是不可接受的。
虽然他并不愿意离开李斯特和他的朋友们,可是当有机会离开那里时,他还是放弃了那里的职位。如果他知道今后他将在激进的“新德国学派”与保守的反对派之间所进行的激烈斗争中起作用的话,他会更加苦恼。这项代表了“音乐未来”的新运动,是以李斯特和瓦格纳为代表,反对并谴责贝多芬以后的所有作品(门德尔松的作品除外),把“古典”的音乐作品当成他们的典范。但是事情还不止如此,音乐开始有了伦理学的意义。如果一位作曲家纵情干半音或打击效果的乐队色彩的话,就会被认为是一种堕落。而那些坚持古典和声原则的音乐作品,则被认为是有着高度道德目标的作品。
1857年当李斯特为他的“交响诗”写了一篇被约阿希姆认为自大的前言后,约阿希姆十分客气地写了一封信给李斯特,和他断绝一切往来,同时也感谢他们之间过去的友谊。在这之后,“新德国学派”的反对者们就在《新音乐杂志》上发表了他们著名的1860年宣言,表示他们不同意“这个新的、从来没有听说过的、与音乐最终性质相矛盾的理论”。这个宣言由勃拉姆斯、约阿希姆、钢琴家尤利乌斯·奥托·格林姆和指挥家本恩哈特·萧尔茨签名。
1853年约阿希姆离开魏玛后,他成为汉诺威失明的乔治国王的“宫廷小提琴家”,这位国王是个十分热情的音乐赞助家。虽然约阿希姆是国王的亲密朋友,但是他在那里的工作进行得并不是很顺利。约阿希姆对自己所做的一切总是力求完美,他不断地与演奏者进行抗争,以求提高乐队的演奏水平,但是成效甚微。他不无埋怨地说,从音乐的角度来讲自己是在和聋子打交道,因此他不得不在家里作自己的音乐。约阿希姆在此职位上一直工作到1866年,以后汉诺威成为普鲁士王国的领地,乔治国王流亡国外。
1863年约阿希姆与汉诺威歌剧院漂亮的女低音歌唱家阿玛莉·魏斯结婚,六年之后当他被任命为新成立的柏林音乐学院的院长时,他们全家移居柏林,而柏林很快就成为普鲁士王国的首都。在普鲁士于1866年打败奥地利,成了日耳曼各邦的领导者之后,柏林在欧洲政治中的作用越来越大,这座城市的音乐生活也随之出现了改进的迹象。著名的音乐家经常到这里来演奏:克拉拉·舒曼、勃拉姆斯和瓦格纳都比以前更频繁地来柏林表演。
当约阿希姆来到这座城市时,我们可以感到这座城市音乐生活的新时代开始了。音乐学院越来越强大,三年之内学生的数量就从十九名增加到一百名,约阿希姆创立的学生公演音乐会,很快就成为这座城市音乐生活中的重大事件。约阿希姆本人的演奏也非常吸引听众。
1869年他成立的弦乐四重奏,成为这一特殊演奏领域里的传播媒介,并且将弦乐四重奏的演奏提升到极高的水平。
他最好的学生,也就是出生于匈牙利的利奥波德·奥尔,对约阿希姆的教学进行了最好的描述(1862年奥尔在汉诺威师从约阿希姆学琴)。由于约阿希姆,所以学生上课的时间是不固定的,由一位仆人临时通知。奥尔说约阿希姆很少教学生技术细节,他从不告诉学生应当怎样练习技巧,这些事情似乎应当由学生自己在家里解决。但是他上课时,手里总是拿着琴,当他感到有些地方应当提出批评时,就“拿起琴来非凡地演奏那个句子或是段落”。他演奏得是否“非凡”我们不得而知。卡尔·弗莱什也是约阿希姆的一位学生,对他老师的运弓进行了很大的批评。他告诉我们说,约阿希姆演奏时上臂的位置很低,以致在他演奏弓根时,右手腕的地方形成了一个九十度的角度。他是使用手指尖握弓的,把食指的第一关节放在弓杆上,小指仍然放在弓杆上。当需要在弓根处换弓时,由于手指很僵硬,所以他只能用手腕的水平的突然动作来换弓了。然而弗莱什说:“约阿希姆的运弓纯属他个人的习惯,这是一种完全出自表现的需要而产生的本能动作。”但是当他的学生们在这种错误的和“不自然”的原则的基础上想建立起一个学派的时候,就产生了麻烦。弗莱什说他大多数的学生作为小提琴家来讲是“生活的残废”。正是因为这个原因,所以约阿希姆“从来没有培养出一个取得世界名望的小提琴家来”。
但是在其他方面弗莱什也和奥尔一样,认为约阿希姆不是一位普通的教师。由于他很少能把他的意思仔细地讲清楚,所以学生在去找他学琴之前必须要有很好的技巧。对那些能理解他的话,能按照他的那些含糊不清的建议学习的人,可以从他那里获得很大的好处;那些不太有才能的学生,他们不能埋解他的想法的内在表情的话,就学不到什么东西。这恐怕就是人们对约阿希姆教学才能产生争论的原因之一。
约阿希姆有着充沛的精力和体力,他的年龄虽然不断地增长,可是他始终保持了年轻人的那种活力,他有着使用不尽的工作精力。在二十个小时的旅途之后,他通常是回到家里,换了衣服,很快就到音乐学院上三至四小时的课。午饭后去指挥乐队的排练,然后坐上马车到门德尔松家里吃晚饭,整个晚上和其他客人一起演奏四重奏。
今日视频、音频:1、约瑟夫·约阿希姆演奏《第二号匈牙利舞曲》
;2、哈恩演奏《勃拉姆斯小提琴协奏曲》。 |
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约瑟夫·约阿希姆(Joseph Joachim) |
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约阿希姆 Joseph Joachim
(1831-1907),匈牙利小提琴家、作曲家、教育家。1831年6月28日生于普雷斯堡附近的基特赛,1907年8月15日卒于柏林。童年在佩斯从塞尔瓦琴斯基学习,7岁公开演奏。1841年去维也纳,先后受学于哈乌谢尔伯姆。1843年到莱比锡演出,当时的莱比锡音乐院院长门德尔松很赏识他的才华,曾亲自为他伴奏,并得到达维德的指导。1844年访问英国举行多次音乐会,同年11月在莱比锡与意大利著名提琴家巴齐尼等同台演出,获得声誉。1849年任魏玛交响乐队首席,1853年任汉诺威宫廷乐长,1868年出任柏林高等音乐学校校长,翌年组成"约阿希姆弦乐四重奏",在欧洲各地演出长达30余年,是19世纪末叶最著名的四重奏之一。他曾六度访英,深受英国昕众欢迎。1877年,剑桥大学和牛津大学都授以名誉博士学位。1904年5月16日在伦敦皇后大厅举行旅英演出60周年纪念音乐会,盛况空前,他的演奏风格严谨、宏伟,以善于阐释巴赫、贝多芬、莫
扎特、舒曼、勃拉姆斯的作品著称。他的学生中包括奥尔、胡鲍伊、霍贝尔曼、莫塞等杰出人物,作品有3首小提琴协奏曲
(其中以《匈牙利协奏曲》最著名)、5首乐队序曲、若乾首小提琴与钢琴的乐曲,并为贝多芬和勃拉姆斯的小提琴协奏曲作了华彩乐段。此外还改编订正了大量乐曲,并与莫塞合编了一本《小提琴教程》。他的演奏和教学,对德国小提琴学派的发展影响很大。 |
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Joseph Joachim
(1831-1907) was a Hungarian violinist, composer and educator.He was born
on June 28, 1831, in kitsey, near presburg, and died in Berlin on August
15, 1907.He studied in Perth as a child from selvachinsky and played in
public at the age of seven.He went to Vienna in 1841 and studied in
hauschbaum.When he performed in leipzig in 1843, Mendelssohn, then the
director of the leipzig academy of music, appreciated his talent and
accompanied him personally, under the guidance of David.In 1844, he
visited England and held many concerts. In November of the same year, he
performed on the same stage in leipzig with the famous Italian violinist
barzini and won a reputation.In 1849, he was appointed as the chief of
weimar symphony orchestra; in 1853, he was appointed as the music chief
of the Hanover court; in 1868, he was appointed as the President of the
Berlin high school of music; in the following year, he formed the
joachim string quartet, which performed all over Europe for more than 30
years and was one of the most famous quartets in the late 19th
century.He has visited Britain six times and is very popular in
Britain.In 1877, the university of Cambridge and the university of
Oxford awarded honorary doctorates.On May 16, 1904, the concert to
commemorate the 60th anniversary of the British tour performance was
held in the queen's hall in London. The grand occasion was
unprecedented. His performance style was rigorous and magnificent, and
he was famous for being good at interpreting the works of Bach,
Beethoven, Mozart, schumann and Brahms.His students included auer,
hubowie, hoberman, moser and other outstanding figures. His works
included three violin concertos (the Hungarian concerto is the most
famous), five orchestra overture, several violin and piano pieces, and
cadenza for Beethoven and Brahms violin concertos.In addition, a large
number of musical compositions were adapted and revised, and a violin
tutorial was co-edited with mercer.His performance and teaching had a
great influence on the development of the German violin school.
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Today in the
history of music
On May 16, 1904, joachim performed in the 60th anniversary concert at
the queen's concert hall in London, England.
On March 28, 1844, at the rue lane theatre in London, manager Alfred
boone gave a concert with "the Bohemian girl" and "the Hungarian
boy."The "girl" was singing Balfour's operetta, which was extremely
popular at the time, and the "boy" was joachim, then only twelve years
old, who was playing for the first time before an English audience.In
the fashion of the time, joachim played ernst's "variations on the theme
of rossini's" otello "between the first and second ACTS of the operetta,
to deafening applause in the hall.Two months later, at a philharmonic
concert, conducted by Mendelssohn, joachim performed for the first time
Beethoven's violin concerto and the cadenza he had written for
it.Mendelssohn later wrote to joachim's parents, enthusiastically
describing the show's "unparalleled success."The audience was so
enthusiastic that they clapped as soon as joachim walked onto the
stage.The opening phrase of his performance of the concerto was "so
wonderful, so sure, and with such precise intonation" that the audience
clapped from time to time.At one point joachim actually turned to
Mendelssohn and said, "I'm really frightened."When the whole song was
over, the audience would not let him go, so he had to take his curtain
calls again and again.
Joseph Joachim (1831-1907) was born in the Hungarian village of
kitscher, the seventh of eight children of a poor jewish family.At the
age of five, he began to learn from the best violinist in Perth,
servatzinski, who was also the head of the local opera band.Two years
later he was playing a duet with his teacher.One commentator described
him as "a wonderful...The second wierdang, paganini, or ORR bull."Years
later, when asked if he remembered the scene, he replied that he only
remembered wearing "a sky-blue coat with buttons made of
mother-of-pearl."
1. Joseph joachim playing "Hungarian dance number two";2. Hahn plays
Brahms violin concerto.
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约瑟夫·约阿希姆(Joseph Joachim |
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约阿希姆与勃拉姆斯(1855年) |
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Brahms andBrahms and Joachim, 1855. |
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他与作曲家勃拉姆斯的结识是他生活中最有意义的事情之一。1852年这两个人第一次在汉诺威见面。四年前勃拉姆斯在汉堡听过约阿希姆演奏贝多芬的小提琴协奏曲,并且留下很深的印象。他们之间的友谊一直持续了长达四十年之久。
从他们之间的大量通信中可以看出,他们经常交换作品的草稿,以便征求对方的意见,而且彼此都很尊重对方的意见。事实上,勃拉姆斯认为约阿希姆是一位比他本人更为优秀的作曲家。 |
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His
acquaintance with the composer Brahms was one of the most
significant events in his life.The two men first met in Hanover
in 1852.Brahms had heard joachim play Beethoven's violin
concerto in Hamburg four years before and had been
impressed.Their friendship lasted as long as forty years.From their extensive correspondence, it can be seen that they
often exchanged drafts of their works in order to solicit each
other's opinions, and that they respected each other's
opinions.In fact, Brahms considered joachim a better composer
than himself. |
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1869年约阿希姆组成"约阿希姆弦乐四重奏",在欧洲各地演出长达30余年,是19世纪末叶最著名的四重奏之一。 |
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In
1869, joachim formed the "joachim string quartet",
which performed all over Europe for more than 30
years. It is one of the most famous quartets in the
late 19th century. |
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希拉里•哈恩 & 勃拉姆斯-D大调小提琴协奏曲 |
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Brahms: Violin Concerto / Hilary Hahn 2015 |
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当勃拉姆斯想写一首小提琴协奏曲的时候,他心里想的演奏者就是约阿希姆。1878年的夏天,他在韦尔特尔塞完成了这部作品的草稿,并且把独奏的部分寄给他的朋友约阿希姆。约阿希姆感到光凭这份不完整的乐谱,没有与乐队一起演奏,很难对这部作品作出判断。但是他一定是感到其中有些问题,因为他这样写道:“从小提琴的角度来讲,有些地方是很有独到之处的,然而能否在坐满了听众的大厅里自如地演奏全曲,那就是另外一回事了。”这首协奏曲中的长大独奏乐段,一直是对演奏者耐力的考验。
他们之间的通信表明了那些只会演奏钢琴的作曲家在写一些他们不熟悉乐器作品时的不利条件。但是奇怪的是,勃拉姆斯倒是很愿意接受约阿希姆关于作品本身的修改意见,而不是对水提琴独奏声部的技巧困难方面的建议。约阿希姆只在为这首协奏曲写华彩乐段时才有自由发挥的机会。他们之间的主要分歧在于连线记号的运用问题。勃拉姆斯坚持要像钢琴作品那样使用连线记号,而约阿希姆认为连线记号在小提琴的作品中标记的是弓法。约阿希姆写道:“用一弓演奏太多的音符了。最好分几弓来演奏,我们仍然可以把它们演奏得像用一弓演奏出来一样。”在另外一个地方,勃拉姆斯则表现非常强硬。“你们小提琴家从什么时候开始的,谁给了你们的权利,谁同意你们在乐谱上画那么多毫无意义的连线记号......至今为止,我从来没有接受国那些该死的连线记号!”他们之间的分歧点是:“为什么贝多芬可以在他的作品中使用那么长的连线记号,而我们就不可以这么做呢?”
勃拉姆斯于1878年12月完成了这部作品,并在音乐学院进行了视奏。几乎所有的评论家都谴责这部作品。 |
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with the
orchestra.But he must have felt something was wrong, for, as he
wrote, "from a violinist's point of view, some places are so
unique that it is quite another to be able to play the whole
thing in a hall full of people."The solo passage in this
concerto has always been a test of the performer's endurance.
When Brahms wanted to write a violin concerto, the player he had
in mind was joachim.In the summer of 1878, he completed a draft
of the work at woertsay and sent the solo parts to his friend
joachim.Joachim found it difficult to judge the work on the
basis of this incomplete score without playing with the
orchestra.But he must have felt something was wrong, for, as he
wrote, "from a violinist's point of view, some places are so
unique that it is quite another to be able to play the whole
thing in a hall full of people."The solo passage in this
concerto has always been a test of the performer's endurance.
Their correspondence showed the disadvantage of composers who
could only play the piano in writing works with instruments they
were not familiar with.But, oddly enough, Brahms was more than
willing to accept joachim's Suggestions on how to modify the
work itself, rather than on the technical difficulties of the
solo part of the viola.Joachim was only given a free hand when
he wrote a cadenza for the concerto.The main difference between
them is the use of the marking.Brahms insisted on the use of the
string notation as in a piano composition, while joachim
believed that the string notation in a violin composition marked
the bow.Joachim wrote: "too many notes played with one bow.It's
better to play them with several bows. We can still play them as
if they were played with one bow."In another place, Brahms was
very tough."When did you violinists begin, who gave you the
right, who allowed you to draw so many meaningless lines on your
sheet music...Up to now, I have never received those damned
marks of connection!"The difference between them was: "why is it
that Beethoven can use such a long line in his works, but we
can't?"
Brahms completed the work in December 1878 and performed it
visually at the conservatory.Almost all the critics condemned
the work. |
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