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| 弗朗茨·约瑟夫·海顿（Franz Joseph Haydn，1732—1809） | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 罗斯特罗波维奇演奏演奏海顿两首大提琴协奏曲 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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音乐历史上的今天
1809年5月10日，当拿破仑的军队进行到大炮射程距离内的海顿家附近时，抱恙的作曲家对惊慌失措的仆人们说道：“别怕，孩子们，有我海顿在的地方，没有什么能伤害到你们。” |
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| 弗朗茨·约瑟夫·海顿（Franz Joseph Haydn） | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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古典主义时期的三大家中，只有海顿留下了大提琴协奏曲。目前曲谱完整并且确定为海顿本人所作的大提琴协奏曲有两首，分别是C大调第一号大提琴协奏曲（Hob.
VIIb/1）与D大调第二号大提琴协奏曲（Hob.
VIIb/2）。莫扎特写过大量的弦乐和管乐协奏曲，唯独没写过大提琴协奏曲和小号协奏曲。贝多芬为大家留下了五首大提琴奏鸣曲，却没有留下一部大提琴协奏曲。由此，海顿的大提琴协奏曲就显得弥足珍贵了。然而，使得海顿大提琴协奏曲长演不衰的原因，除了上述之外，更重要的还是源于其本身的特点。这两首协奏曲隽永，耐人寻味，旋律优美流畅，充满健康、明朗的感觉，体现了海顿作品的优雅、和谐的宫廷贵族风格。使得海顿的大提琴协奏曲成为了古典主义时期大提琴协奏曲的代表作。 C大调第一号大提琴协奏曲 1961年，在布拉格国家博物馆发生了一件轰动的事件。O.博尔柯特（Oldrich Pulkert）发现海顿一部失落的C大调大提琴协奏曲的手稿。此手稿很快就得到了确认。并且在1962年的布拉格音乐节中进行了该曲重见天日后的首场演出。演出由捷克大提琴家萨德罗(Milos Sadlo，1912～2003)独奏，麦克拉斯爵士（Sir Charles Mackerras）指挥捷克斯洛伐克广播交响乐团伴奏。当年的演出非常成功，自此这首曲子也迅速成为大提琴曲目中最广为流行的协奏曲之一。这次的发现可以说是二十世纪对海顿研究最轰动的发现，甚至可以说是音乐研究界最轰动的发现之一！ 海顿的C大调大提琴协奏曲大概创作于1761年到1765年期间，是海顿的早期作品，与他的第6、7和8号交响曲的创作时间相近。这首大提琴曲是为埃斯特哈齐家族乐团的大提琴首席威格尔(Joseph Franz Weigl，1740～1820)所作，而同时期海顿所创作的一些交响曲中也有不少大提琴独奏段落，也是为这名大提琴手写的。比如，海顿第13交响曲的第二乐章如歌的柔板就有一段优美的大提琴独奏，与C大调大提琴协奏曲的第二乐章柔板有异曲同工之妙，都是隽永的曲子。 海顿的C大调大提琴协奏曲是按照奏鸣曲式编写的三乐章协奏曲。 第一乐章为中板，乐章的节奏、切分音和宫廷优雅的气息是这部协奏曲最明显的风格，整个乐章节奏舒缓，旋律柔美，大提琴表现出低沉、宽广的个性，与作品的整体风格融为一体，在这里你可以深刻体味到古典主义的均衡秩序和完美的和谐。 第二乐章为柔板，这是由独奏大提琴与弦乐组呈示的静谧而抒情的乐章。乐曲中充满了优雅的旋律美，显示出海顿在旋律创作上独具的功力。乐章的开头，弦乐组的旋律宛如晚风般徐徐吹拂，舒缓的乐声使人顿时轻松平静下来。随后，大提琴温暖而深沉的歌声在弦乐的伴随下缓缓而来，此时此刻，颇有一番“清风徐来，水波不兴”的意境，甚是惬意。大提琴与弦乐合作交替起伏，相伴相随，旋律悠长深远，隽永秀丽，非常耐人寻味，听后绕梁三日，余音不绝！ 第三乐章为甚快板，乐章以恢宏的气势展开，可以说是那个时期海顿所有协奏曲终乐章的巅峰，也可视为维瓦尔第大提琴协奏曲之后的一个杰出的典范，具有史诗般的均衡和气度。这个乐章对大提琴独奏者的要求比较高，乐章的速度之快，要让大提琴疾速如飞起来。这对于演奏者的功力无疑是一个巨大的考验。然而出来的效果确实可以令听众为之振奋，那种愉悦感觉实在难以言表。 D大调第二号大提琴协奏曲 海顿的这首D大调大提琴协奏曲创作于1783年。相对于前者，此曲的命运还算不错，此曲一直是大提琴协奏曲曲库里面的样板作品。这首大提琴曲是为埃斯特哈齐家族乐团的另一位大提琴手安东.克拉夫特（Antonin Kraft，1749？～1820）而作。克拉夫特是海顿的学生，或许是由于克拉夫特本身也有自己创作的大提琴协奏曲存世，D大调大提琴协奏曲的作者的真实性曾一直受到怀疑，有人曾将此曲归为克拉夫特所作。直到1953年，带有海顿签名的手稿被发现，关于D大调大提琴协奏曲归属的争论才最终结束。 D大调大提琴协奏曲也是一首意味隽永的精品。与前一首C大调大提琴协奏曲的宫廷气质相比，这首协奏曲的气质则更为温婉、柔和，充满了温情。 第一乐章为快板转中板，乐曲一开始就进入佳境，让人体味到无限的美感，乐章的第一主题生动有力，健康明朗，充满了和谐愉悦的感觉。 第二乐章为柔板，乐章的一开始，温暖的琴声就呈现出那个极富歌唱性的主题。这个主题让人一听难忘，充满温情的乐曲，反映了海顿作品有别于宫廷气质的另一面——人性的一面。 第三乐章为快板的回旋曲，这个乐章也充满了喜悦，其旋律也是让人一听难忘的。 |
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Of the three
classical period, only Haydn left the cello concerto.The cello concerto
no. 1 in C major (Hob. VIIb / 1) and no. 2 in D major (Hob. VIIb / 2)
have been completed and identified as Haydn's own cello concerto.Mozart
wrote numerous concertos for strings and wind, but not for cello or
trumpet.Beethoven left five cello sonatas but no cello concerto.From
this, Haydn's cello concerto appears extremely precious.However, what
makes Haydn's cello concerto long and popular, besides the above, is
more important due to its own characteristics.These two concertos are
meaningful and thought-provoking. The melody is graceful and smooth,
full of healthy and clear feeling, which embodies the elegant and
harmonious courtly aristocratic style of Haydn's works.Haydn's cello
concerto became the masterpiece of cello concerto in the classical
period. Cello concerto no. 1 in C major In 1961, a sensational event took place at Prague's national museum.Oldrich Pulkert discovered a manuscript of a lost cello concerto by Haydn in C major.The manuscript was soon confirmed.It was first performed at the 1962 Prague festival.The performance featured a solo by Czech cellist Milos Sadlo (1912 ~ 2003), accompanied by Sir Charles Mackerras conducting the czechoslovak radio symphony orchestra.It was a great success and has since quickly become one of the most popular concertos in the cello repertoire.This discovery is arguably the most sensational discovery of Haydn research in the twentieth century, and one of the most sensational in the world of music research! Haydn's cello concerto in C major, probably written between 1761 and 1765, is one of Haydn's early works, and was written at a similar time to his symphonies no. 6, 7 and 8.The cello piece was written by Joseph Franz Weigl (1740 ~ 1820), principal cellist of the estevazi family orchestra, and several symphonies composed by Haydn at the same time contained soloist passages written for this cello.For example, the second movement of Haydn's symphony no. 13, such as the cantabile, contains a beautiful cello solo, which is similar to the cantabile in the second movement of the cello concerto in C major, both of which are timeless pieces. Haydn's cello concerto in C major is a three-movement concerto written in sonata form. The first movement for medium plate, the rhythm of the music beat, and the palace of elegant breath is the most obvious of this concerto style, the whole movement rhythm, melody gently beautiful, cello show the individual character of deep, broad, combined with the integral style of the works, here you can deeply feel the classical balance order and perfect harmony. The second movement is adagio, a quiet and lyrical movement presented by the solo cello and strings section.The music is full of elegant melodic beauty, which shows Haydn's unique skill in melodic creation.At the beginning of the movement, the melody of the string group is blowing slowly like the wind of the night, and the slow music makes people relaxed and calm down immediately.Afterwards, the cello's warm and deep singing accompanied by the strings came slowly. At this moment, there was an artistic conception of "the wind is blowing gently, the water is not stirring", which was very comfortable.Cello and string cooperation alternately ups and downs, accompanied by a long and profound melody, meaningful and beautiful, very intriguing, after listening to three days around the beam, lingering! The third movement is allegro, which unfolds with magnificent momentum. It can be said that it is the peak of the final movement of all Haydn concertos in that period, and it can also be regarded as an outstanding model after vivaldi cello concerto, with an epic balance and bearing.This movement is very demanding for the cello soloist. The movement is so fast that the cello has to fly very fast.This is undoubtedly a huge test of the performer's skill.The effect, however, was to cheer the audience up, and the pleasure was indescribable. Cello concerto no. 2 in D major Haydn's cello concerto in D major was composed in 1783.Compared with the former, the fate of this piece is not bad, this piece has been a cello concerto library of sample works.This cello song was written for Antonin Kraft (1749?), another cellist in the family orchestra.~ 1820).Kraft was a student of Haydn's, and perhaps because kraft himself had his own cello concerto in existence, the authenticity of the author of the cello concerto in D major has long been suspected, and it has been attributed to kraft.It was not until 1953, when a manuscript bearing Haydn's signature was discovered, that the dispute over the ownership of the cello concerto in D major finally ended. The cello concerto in D major is also a monumental masterpiece.Compared with the courtly temperament of the previous cello concerto in C major, the temperament of this concerto is more gentle, soft and full of warmth. The first movement is allegro to middle board. The music enters the beautiful scene at the beginning, which makes people appreciate the infinite beauty. The first theme of the movement is vivid and powerful, healthy and bright, full of harmony and joy. The second movement is adagio. At the beginning of the movement, the warm piano sounds present the very singing theme.The theme is memorable, tender music that reflects a different aspect of Haydn's work from that of the court -- the human side. The third movement is the allegro rondo, which is also full of joy and the melody is unforgettable. |
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Today in the
history of music On May 10, 1809, when napoleon's army came within range of the cannons near Haydn's house, the indisposition composer said to the panic-stricken servants: "fear not, children, where I Haydn am, nothing can harm you." Franz Joseph Haydn (March 31, 1732 -- May 31, 1809), born in lauro, southern Austria, was a classical composer and founder of the Vienna school of classical music. In 1740, he became a member of the children's choir of st. Stephen's cathedral.From 1751 to 1753, he wrote his first opera, the cunning devil.The first string quartets were created in 1755.In 1759, he became the music director of Ferdinand malkin, the first official appointment of his career, and wrote the first symphony in the same year.During the 30 years from 1761 to 1791, he worked at the court of estelhatch and wrote most of his musical works, including symphonies, instrumental concertos, string quartets, piano sonatas, operas and so on.From 1792 to 1794, he made two visits to London, during which he composed 12 "London symphonies".In 1798, he created the oratorio genesis, which was first performed in the royal theatre of Vienna.In 1801, he created the oratorio the four seasons.He was last seen in public in 1808 to celebrate his 76th birthday.Haydn died in Vienna on May 31, 1809, aged 77. Haydn was a prolific composer.He has composed more than 100 symphonies, more than 80 string quartets, 30 operas, mass and religious liturgy, cantata, oratorio and so on.For his contribution in the field of symphonies and quartets, he was awarded the title of "father of symphonies" and "father of string quartets".At the same time, because of his good-natured, love children, care for subordinates, won the "Haydn father" nickname. Today's video: Rostropovich plays two Haydn cello concertos. |
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姆斯蒂斯拉夫·列奥波尔多维奇·罗斯托罗波维奇（Mstislav Leopoldovich
Rostropovich，1927－2007），俄罗斯杰出的大提琴家、指挥家，出生在阿塞拜疆巴库的一个音乐家庭，幼年从父母学习大提琴和钢琴，4岁学弹钢琴，七岁随父亲学琴，1940年13岁时首次作为大提琴家举办音乐会。1943年入莫斯科音乐学院学大提琴和作曲。
二十岁获布拉格世界青年联欢节一等奖，1950年在布拉格举行的国际大提琴比赛中再次获得第一名，起常到国外演出，赢得世界声誉。1956年起任莫斯科音乐学院教授。1964年被授予前苏联“人民艺术家”称号。1968年首次以指挥家身份在莫斯科大剧院指挥柴可夫斯基的《叶普根尼·奥涅金》。
他的演奏音色浓郁、雄浑，极富于戏剧性的表现力，技术炉火纯青，任何难题都不在话下，几乎为所有大提琴保留曲目都录了音。既能为妻子维谢尼甫斯卡娅的独唱弹伴奏，也能指挥歌剧和交响乐的演出，而且还写了许多室内乐作品。1970年10月31日，他写信给《真理报》声援被流放的获得诺贝尔文学奖的亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴，而被禁止演出。年他带妻子和两个女儿逃离苏联，后定居美国。1978年他们被剥夺苏联国籍。1990年1月被恢复俄罗斯国籍。 他一生荣誉无数。他是大英帝国荣誉骑士勋章、法国文化与艺术十字勋章、希腊凤凰勋章、联邦德国优异服务大十字勋章获得者。 罗斯特罗波维奇于2007年4月27日下午在莫斯科一所诊所内逝世。4月29日被安葬于新圣女修道院墓地。 |
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| 罗斯托罗波维奇(Rostropovich)和梅纽因在一起 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sam and
Slavic bordeaux, Leo hurwicz Ross toro, hospitals
(Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich, 1927-2007),
Russia's outstanding cellist, conductor, was born in
a music family, azerbaijan Baku childhood from a
parent to study the cello and piano, learn to play
the piano at age four, seven, along with the father,
the piano at the age of 13, 1940 for the first time
as a cellist concerts.In 1943, he entered the Moscow
conservatory to study cello and composition.At the
age of 20, he won the first prize of the world youth
festival in Prague. In 1950, he won the first prize
again in the international cello competition held in
Prague.Professor at the Moscow conservatory of music
since 1956.In 1964, he was awarded the title of
"people's artist" of the former Soviet union.In
1968, he conducted Tchaikovsky's yepgeni onegin at
the bolshoi theater for the first time as a
conductor.His performance was rich, powerful,
dramatic, technical, and easy on any problem. He
recorded notes for almost all cello repertoire.He
accompanied his wife visenivskaya's solo, conducted
operas and symphonies, and wrote many chamber music
pieces.On October 31, 1970, he wrote to Pravda in
support of exiled Nobel laureate Alexander
solzhenitsyn and was banned from performing.He fled
the Soviet union with his wife and two daughters and
settled in the United States.They were stripped of
their Soviet citizenship in 1978.Russian citizenship
was restored in January 1990. His life was full of honors.He is a recipient of the order of the legion d 'honneur, the French cross of the arts and culture, the order of the phoenix of Greece, and the grand cross of the federal order of the distinguished service of Germany. Rostropovich died in a Moscow clinic on the afternoon of April 27, 2007.He was buried on April 29 at the new saint's convent cemetery. |
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| 罗斯托罗波维奇(Rostropovich)和夫人——著名的歌唱家加林娜 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Rostropovich and his wife, the famous singer galina |
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