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莫扎特之旅－文化交流－音乐历史上的今天


	田润德编译文/图 2020-04-11 19:36

约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫（Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750）

巴赫马太受难曲卡尔·李希特指挥英文字幕 1971

《马太受难曲》创作于1724至1727年间，取材于《圣经》中对耶稣受难过程的叙述。整部作品结构宏大，共有78首分曲。分为两大部分：第一部分有35首，描述了耶稣被门徒出卖和最终被捕的过程；第二部分有43首，描述了耶稣受审，被钉十字架和被埋葬等场景

Matthew's passion, written between 1724 and 1727, is based on the biblical account of Jesus' crucifixion.The whole work is grand in structure, with 78 pieces.Divided into two main parts: the first part has 35 pieces, describing the process of Jesus being betrayed by his disciples and eventually arrested;The second part has 43 songs, depicting Jesus' trial, crucifixion and burial.

音乐历史上的今天

1727年4月11日，耶稣在十字架上的最后遗言“上帝，上帝，你为什么离弃了我”成就了巴赫的《马太受难乐》，这部作品在莱比锡的圣托马斯教堂上演。

约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫（Johann Sebastian Bach 1685-1750）是过去复调音乐艺术的继承人，他是巴洛克音乐的巅峰代表，是最后一位伟大的宗教艺术家，是音乐史上的巨人之一。
巴赫家族祖祖辈辈都是职业音乐家，自16世纪末开始，巴赫家族就以音乐世家著称，两年之内，共诞生了数十位音乐家，他们多半活跃于图林根或邻近地区，传到他这儿已是第五代了。他的子女当中后来又有几个成为有名的音乐界人士，这个家族真可谓地地道道的音乐世家。对于具有极高音乐天赋的小巴赫来说，在这样的环境中成长原是十分幸运的。
8岁那年，巴赫进入拉丁语学校接受广泛的学科教育。在家中，巴赫则跟随着父亲学习小提琴和大提琴的演奏技巧，并且随叔叔学管风琴。然而巴赫的学习生涯并非就此一帆风顺，母亲在他9岁时不幸病故，翌年，父亲也去世了，年幼的巴赫只好寄居在哥哥家中，一面继续就学，一面跟随哥哥学习管风琴与大键琴。那时，巴赫还在教会合唱团中担任童声女高音。基于对音乐的酷爱与渴望，他在很短的时间内便已熟练哥哥为他安排的所有乐曲学习课程，但这似乎并不能满足他的学习欲求，他一再央求哥哥让他看一看当时一些著名大师如弗罗贝格尔、克尔和帕海贝尔等人的大键琴曲乐谱，但都被哥哥严厉地拒绝。尽管家里存放着大量音乐资料，可专横的兄长就是不允许他翻阅学习，无论他怎样苦苦恳求也无济于事。小巴赫只得趁哥哥离家外出与深夜熟睡之际，在月光下偷偷地把心爱的曲谱一笔一划地抄下来，历时长达半年之久，因而大大损坏了他的视力，以至他的晚年在双目失明中痛苦地度过，直至去世。
一个年仅10岁且丧失双亲的孩子居然是以这种方式来向自己的家庭索取宝贵的知识，多么可悲而又可敬啊！奇怪的是，如此高尚而执著的追求竞打动不了他的兄长——当他发现了弟弟的秘密时，立即暴跳如雷，不仅无情地没收了小巴赫的全部心血，而且还严厉地惩罚了他，毫无自省与怜悯之心。”

今日视频：1、卡尔·李希特指挥巴赫《马太受难曲》。

约翰·安布罗修斯·巴赫(1645 - 1695)
约翰·安布罗修斯·巴赫是约翰·塞巴斯蒂安·巴赫的父亲。他是一名熟练的小提琴手和号手，指挥小镇上的音乐家们在爱森纳赫演奏。他帮助他的儿子约翰·塞巴斯蒂安和他的兄弟姐妹一起学习小提琴和羽管键琴。

Johann Ambrosius Bach (1645 - 1695)
Johann Ambrosius Bach was Johann Sebastian Bach’s father. He was a skilled violinist and trumpeter and directed the town musicians in Eisenach. He helped his son Johann Sebastian learn the violin and harpsichord along with hi siblings.

Today in the history of music
On April 11, 1727, Jesus' last words on the cross, "god, god, why have you forsaken me," led to Bach's "the passion of Matthew," which was performed at st. Thomas's church in leipzig.
Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) is the successor of the past polyphonic musical art. He is the peak representative of baroque music, the last great religious artist, and one of the giants in the history of music.
Since the end of the 16th century, the Bach family has been known as a musical family. Within two years, dozens of musicians were born, most of them active in thuringia or the surrounding areas.Several of his children went on to become famous in the music business.For young Bach, who had a great talent for music, it was lucky to grow up in such an environment.
At the age of eight, Bach entered the Latin school for an extensive subject education.At home, Bach followed his father in violin and cello skills and his uncle in organ lessons.His mother died of illness when he was nine years old, and his father died the following year. Bach had to stay with his brother and continue his education while learning organ and harpsichord from his brother.At that time, Bach was also a child soprano in the church choir.Based on a love of music and desire, he is skilled in a very short period of time brother as he arranged all the music courses, but it doesn't seem to satisfy his desire of learning, he has repeatedly pleaded with brother let him have a look at some famous masters, such as Florida, berger, Kerr and seashells large keys, the music of violin music such as people but are brother sternly refused.Despite the large amount of musical materials stored in the house, his domineering brother would not allow him to read them, no matter how hard he begged.Little Bach had to take advantage of his brother's leaving home and sleeping in the middle of the night, secretly in the moonlight to the beloved music score a stroke to write down, lasted as long as half a year, thus greatly damaged his vision, so that he spent his old age in blindness in pain, until death.
How sad and honorable that a 10-year-old boy who had lost both parents should be able to claim valuable knowledge from his own family in this way!It is strange that such a noble and persistent pursuit could not move his brother -- when he discovered his brother's secret, he immediately went berserk, not only mercilessly confiscated all Bach's efforts, but also severely punished him, without introspection or pity.
Today's video: 1. Carl licht conducting Bach's Matthew's passion.
　

托马斯教堂，13世纪附属于罗马风格建筑，15世纪时按哥特风格重建，它的屋顶是倾斜的。而且特别宽敞，巴赫在宗教音乐里发挥的得淋漓尽致的音量，就是利用这种空间特色表现出来的。

The church of Thomas, which was built in the 13th century in the Roman style, was rebuilt in the 15th century in the gothic style with a sloping roof.And especially spacious, Bach in the religious music played incisively and vividly the volume, is the use of this spatial characteristics..

莱比锡托马斯教堂，1727年4月11日巴赫的《马太受难乐》曾经在这里首演。

Thomas church in leipzig, where Bach's "the passion of Matthew" was first performed on April 11, 1727.

安娜·玛格达莱娜·巴赫(1701 - 1780)
安娜·玛格达莱娜·威尔克是一位颇有成就的歌手，她于1721年12月成为巴赫的第二任妻子。他们对音乐的共同兴趣促成了他们幸福的婚姻。他们一起抚养约翰第一次婚姻所生的孩子，从1723年到1742年，他们自己有13个孩子，其中7个年纪轻轻就死了。安娜·玛格达莱娜婚后继续职业演唱，包括在1729年利奥波德王子的葬礼上。巴赫送给安娜·玛格达莱娜两本手稿笔记本，其中包括键盘音乐和几首声乐作品(如图)。

巴赫送给安娜·玛格达莱娜两本手稿笔记本

Anna Magdalena Bach (1701 - 1780)
Anna Magdalena Wilcke was an accomplished singer who became J. S. Bach’s second wife in December 1721. Their shared interest in music contributed to their happy marriage. Together they raised the children from Johann's first marriage and had 13 children of their own from 1723 to 1742, seven of whom died at a young age. Anna Magdalena continued to sing professionally after her marriage, including at Prince Leopold's funeral in 1729. Bach presented Anna Magdalena with two manuscript notebooks containing keyboard music and a few pieces for voice (pictured)

卡拉瓦乔的《逃亡埃及途中的休息》代表了巴洛克时期的艺术风格。

Caravaggio's "rest on the way to Egypt" represents the artistic style of the baroque period.

卡尔·李希特（Karl Richter)

卡尔·李希特（Karl Richter，1926年10月15日－1981年2月15日），是一名德国指挥家、唱诗班指挥、管风琴演奏家和羽管键琴家。
出生于普劳恩，早年在德累斯顿受教育，并加入德勒斯登十字合唱团。1949年在莱比锡获得学位，师从Günther Ramin, Karl Straube 和 Rudolf Mauersberger。在同年，他成为了莱比锡托马斯教堂的管风琴师，巴赫也曾任此职长达27年。在1951，他移居慕尼黑，开始在音乐学院任教，并在圣马可教堂任管风琴师。1954年他还在慕尼黑巴赫合唱团和慕尼黑巴赫管弦乐团并担任指挥。在20世纪60和70年代，他游历世界各地，并在日本、美国、加拿大、东欧和苏联留下大量录音。1981年在慕尼黑一家酒店里死于心脏病突发，享年54岁，8天后下葬于苏黎世的Enzenbühl公墓。

卡尔·李希特是演绎巴赫的权威，他生前录制了很多巴赫作品的录音。著名的录音有：（巴赫）《勃兰登堡协奏曲》、（巴赫）《马太受难乐》、（巴赫）《约翰受难乐》、（巴赫）《b小调弥撒曲》、（亨德尔）《弥赛亚》等。卡尔·李希特对于用仿古乐器演奏巴洛克音乐的古乐运动并没有随波逐流，他更注重在“神”而非“形”上去再现巴赫。

Karl Richter (October 15, 1926 -- February 15, 1981) was a German conductor, choirmaster, organist, and harpsichord.
Born in plaun, educated early in dresden,And joined the dresden cross.He received his degree in leipzig in 1949 under the tutelage of Gunther Ramin, Karl Straube and Rudolf Mauersberger.In the same year, he became an organist at the Thomas church in leipzig, a post Bach held for 27 years.In 1951, he moved to Munich, where he began teaching at the conservatory and worked as an organist at the church of saint mark.He also conducted the Munich Bach choir and the Munich Bach orchestra in 1954.During the 1960s and 1970s, he traveled around the world and left extensive recordings in Japan, the United States, Canada, eastern Europe and the Soviet union.He died of a heart attack in a Munich hotel in 1981 at the age of 54. He was buried eight days later at Enzenbuhl cemetery in Zurich.

Karl licht was an authority on Bach, and he recorded many of his works.Famous recordings include :(Bach) the Brandenburg concerto, (Bach) the passion of Matthew, (Bach) the passion of johann, (Bach) mass in b minor, (Handel) the messiah, etc.Carl licht did not follow the trend of the movement of playing baroque music with antique instruments, and he paid more attention to reproducing Bach in "god" rather than "form".

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巴赫 马太受难曲 卡尔·李希特指挥 英文字幕 1971

巴赫马太受难曲卡尔·李希特指挥英文字幕 1971