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莫扎特之旅－文化交流－音乐历史上的今天


	田润德编译文/图 2020-03-03 16:36

乔治·比才（Georges Bizet，1838—1875）

比才《卡门》Bizet: Carmen 2010年大都会歌剧院版中文字幕

[英字] Bizet - Carmen Metropolitan Opera Richard Erye

比才:卡门
依琳娜·嘉兰卡(卡门),罗伯特·阿拉尼亚(唐何塞),泰迪塔胡罗兹(埃斯卡拉米洛),芭芭拉·弗利托里(米凯拉),基思·米勒(祖尼加)
大都会歌剧院管弦乐队和合唱团，扬尼克·内泽特-塞金
指挥:理查德·艾尔
Bizet: Carmen
Elina Garanča (Carmen), Roberto Alagna (Don José), Teddy Tahu Rhodes (Escamillo), Barbara Frittoli (Micaela), Keith Miller (Zuniga)
Metropolitan Opera Orchestra and Chorus, Yannick Nézet-Séguin
Production: Richard Eyre

音乐历史上的今天

1875年3月3日，歌剧《卡门》在巴黎喜歌剧院首演，惨遭失败。当代人对他的作品中“大胆的现实主义和赤裸的情感感到震惊和受到冒犯”，指责这是一部“淫秽的作品”，“音乐不知所云”。据说比才曾为此整夜痛苦地在巴黎的街道上徘徊。

乔治·比才1838年10月25日出生在法国巴黎一个普通的音乐之家。他的父亲是一位声乐教师，母亲会弹钢琴，舅舅是有名的歌手兼音乐教育家。
比才自幼便显示出音乐方面的天赋，但他却更喜好文学。正是由于比才对文学的热爱与钻研，才扩展了他在音乐方面的想像力。
比才4岁时就能识谱，当他的父亲开始给他传授音乐基本知识时才惊讶地发现：儿子早已懂得了许多。小比才在父母和舅舅的精心培养下进步很快，9岁就考入巴黎音乐学院，成为该院当时最年轻的一名学生。他在音乐学院里的各项学习成绩都名列前茅，屡次在学院举办的各种比赛中获奖。他的钢琴演奏之出色，至今还流传着一段佳话：在一次家庭音乐晚会上，比才有幸初见到了“钢琴之王”李斯特。李斯特拿出自己最近写的一部作品对大家讲，除了他自己以外，这部难度很大的作品恐怕只有李斯特的女婿，德国著名钢琴家封彪罗能完整地弹奏下来。当时，年仅13岁的比才表示愿意一试，结果，他不仅完整地试奏下来，而且弹的相当精彩。李斯特当场惊叹道：“我原以为世界上只有两人能弹此曲，没想到的是竞有三人！并且，他是我们当中最年轻、最大胆、最辉煌的一个！”
然而，祖国和民族在不久前经历的悲剧性事件，必然会在比才身土留下印迹；沉重的考验使民族意识日益高涨，也加强了他的创作的民主倾向。忘我的创作探索使比才度过了60年代的危机，进入创作的成熟时期。
歌剧《卡门》在1875年3月首演后，巴黎的反映十分冷淡，随后的几次演出也没有获得应有的成功，据说，比才曾为此彻夜游荡街头，这成为他过早死亡的原因之一。但也有人认为歌剧《卡门》的演出成功与否，同比才早死没有什么联系，因为当时他已多年为喉疾所苦，可能是癌症，只是由于病情恶化促使心脏病，又突然发作致死。比才在187 5年6月3日，即《卡门》首演后3个月，逝世于巴黎附近的布瑞瓦尔，时年还不满37岁。
比才在校期间已是许多作品的作者，他在1 7岁时写出的《C大调交响曲》，以其形式之精练、表情之生动和色彩之明朗著称，所有这些，后来又都成为他的独特风格的不可分割的一部分。1857年在音乐学院毕业时，他以一部大合唱获得罗马大奖，并以一部独幕轻歌剧在奥芬巴赫主办的比赛中获奖。
比才获得罗马大奖，享有到意大利深造的机会。在意大利的3年当中，他悉心阅读许多文学作品，研究艺术史，长时间游览古代废墟、官邸、博物馆和画廊，熟悉大量意大利古典绘画与雕刻的不朽作品。这时候，他曾经有过诸多的写作计划，他虽然还没有找到合适的主题，但他的志趣倾向于戏剧音乐方面已经十分明确。在罗马期间，他写出第一部喜歌剧，风格近于莫扎特和罗西尼。
1860年年底，由于母亲病故，比才回到祖国，他的青年时代结束了。自此，他走上了独立生活的道路，走上争取当一位为公众所承认的作曲家的道路。显然，作为一位艺术家的比才要比作为一位公民的比才高出一筹。然而，祖国和民族在不久前经历的悲剧性事件，必然会在他身上留下印迹；沉重的考验促使民族意识日益高涨，也增强了他的创作的民主倾向。忘我的创作探索和实践使他终于度过了60年代末的危机，进入创作的成熟时期。
在比才的后半生，几乎总是紧张、拮据。他所构思的各种类型的歌剧，有的已经完稿，但是要求严格的比才又把它从剧院里取回，例如，他的《伊凡雷帝》就是因为这样一直到本世纪30年代才被发现。但是，还是有两部歌剧在1863年上演时并不怎么成功。
接连的失败使比才一度感到颓唐。就是在这些年里，在他发表的惟一的一篇论文中提到“我正经历着危机”这样的字句。普法战争和巴黎公社短暂的日子，在比才心中又激起了更大的不协调的情绪。70年代初，他写过一系列音乐会作品，并为都德的戏剧《阿莱城姑娘》谱写二十七段配乐，但是足以称为他的创作之冠的，却是1874年根据梅里美的小说《卡门》的若干章节写出的最后一部同名歌剧。
圣桑在论述比才的主要特点时曾把他概括为“年轻、有力、乐观和富有朝气”。这一席话同样可以用来说明他的音乐的主要特点，即总是用明朗愉快的乐观精神来展示生活中的矛盾，这就是他的音乐的特别可贵的素质所在。

今日视频：1、美国大都会歌剧院演出比才歌剧《卡门》；2、斯德哥尔摩皇家爱乐乐团演奏比才:《阿莱城的姑娘组曲》第一组曲和第二组曲，指挥:娜塔莉·斯图茨曼。

乔治·比才（Georges Bizet，1838—1875）

Today in music history
On March 3, 1875, the opera Carmen was premiered at the opera d 'opera in Paris and failed miserably.The contemporary generation was "shocked and offended by the bold realism and naked emotion" of his work, accusing it of "obscenity" and "music without meaning".Bizet is said to have spent a miserable night wandering the streets of Paris.
George bizet was born in Paris, France, on October 25, 1838, in an ordinary musical family.His father is a vocal music teacher, his mother can play the piano, and his uncle is a famous singer and music educator.
Bizet showed an aptitude for music from an early age, but he preferred literature.It was his love for literature that expanded his imagination in music.
He could read music at the age of four, and when his father began teaching him the basics of music, he was surprised to find that his son already knew a lot.Under the careful cultivation of his parents and uncle, young bizai made rapid progress. At the age of 9, he was admitted to the Paris conservatory of music and became the youngest student there.His academic performance in the college of music is among the best, and he has won many prizes in various competitions organized by the college.His excellent piano performance, there is still a story: in a family music evening, bizai was lucky to meet the "king of the piano" liszt.Liszt took out his latest work to tell you, in addition to his own, this very difficult work is probably only liszt's son-in-law, Germany's famous pianist feng biao luo can play down completely.At that time, at the age of 13, bizai expressed his willingness to give it a try.Liszt exclaimed on the spot: "I thought there were only two people in the world who could play this song, but what I didn't expect was that there were three!Besides, he is the youngest, the boldest, the most brilliant of us all!"
However, the tragic events experienced by the motherland and the nation not long ago will inevitably leave their mark on bizai.The heavy test increased the national consciousness and strengthened the democratic tendency of his writing.Selfless creative exploration made bizai through the crisis of the 1960s, into the mature period of creation.
When "Carmen" was first performed in March 1875, the reaction in Paris was so lukewarm that subsequent performances were not as successful as they should have been, and bizet is said to have spent the night wandering the streets for this reason, contributing to his untimely death.But others think that the success of the opera Carmen has little to do with the fact that he died earlier than he did, because he had been suffering from a throat disease for many years, possibly cancer, but had suffered a heart attack and died suddenly as his condition worsened.Bizet died in brival, near Paris, on June 3, 1875, three months after the premiere of Carmen. He was not yet 37.
Bizet was already the author of many works during his school years. When he was 17, he wrote the symphony in C major, which was famous for its concise form, vivid expression and bright colors, all of which later became an integral part of his unique style.When he graduated from the conservatory in 1857, he won the Rome prize for a cantata and a one-act operetta at a competition hosted by Offenbach.
Bizai won the Rome prize and enjoyed the opportunity to study in Italy.During his three years in Italy, he read a great deal of literature, studied the history of art, spent long hours visiting ancient ruins, mansions, museums and galleries, and became familiar with the monumental works of Italian classical painting and sculpture.At this time, he had a number of writing projects, although he has not found a suitable topic, but his interest in the theater music has been very clear.While in Rome, he wrote his first comic opera, in a style close to that of Mozart and rossini.
At the end of 1860, due to the death of his mother, bizai returned to the motherland and his youth came to an end.Since then, he has embarked on the path of independent living and striving to become a recognized composer.It is evident that the bizet as an artist is superior to the bizet as a citizen.However, the tragic events experienced by the motherland and the nation not long ago will inevitably leave their mark on him;The heavy test led to a rising national consciousness, which also reinforced the democratic tendency of his works.Selfless creative exploration and practice enabled him to finally get through the crisis of the late 1960s and enter the mature period of creation.
In the second half of his life, bizet was almost always nervous and hard up.Some of the types of operas he conceived were finished, but strict poets took them back from the theatre, for example, because his "Ivan the terrible" was not discovered until the 2030s.However, two operas were less successful when they were performed in 1863.
A succession of failures made bizet feel depressed for a time.It was in those years that he wrote the words "I'm in crisis" in his only published paper.The franco-prussian war and the brief days of the Paris commune stirred up even greater incongruity in bizet.In the early 1970s, he wrote a series of concert works and composed twenty-seven pieces of music for dudu's play "the girl of allais," but it was the last opera of the same name, written in 1874, based on chapters of merrime's novel "Carmen," that was his most famous.
In describing the main characteristics of bizet, saint sang once summed him up as "young, energetic, optimistic and full of vitality".These words can also be used to illustrate the main feature of his music, that is, he always shows the contradictions of life with a bright and cheerful optimism. This is the special quality of his music.
Today's video: 1. Carmen by the Metropolitan Opera; 2.2. The Stockholm royal philharmonic orchestra performs bizet: suite I and suite ii of the girls of allais, conducted by Natalie stutzman.

乔治·比才夫人(George Bernard Shaw )

一位身穿黑衣的妇女坐在一把高背木椅上。她直视着前方。她的左手放在膝盖上，而右手放在椅子的扶手上。乔治·比才夫人，作者：Juleseliedelaunay。

A woman, clothed in black, sits in a high-back wooden chair. She stares directly in front of her. Her left hand rests in her lap while her right lays on the chair's arm rest.
Madame Georges Bizet by Jules-Élie Delaunay.


	歌剧《卡门》海报

	歌剧《卡门》海报

	歌剧《卡门》海报

	歌剧《卡门》海报

歌剧《卡门》海报

歌剧《卡门》海报

歌剧《卡门》简介

歌剧《卡门》取材于梅里美的同名小说，完成于1874年秋。这是比才一生中最后一部作品，也是当今世界上演率最高的一部歌剧。比才用音乐为大家讲述了一个欢快背景下的悲剧故事，描绘着吉普赛女郎卡门快乐、坦率、又充满野性的复杂性格。它向我们展示着赤裸裸的激情，展示着男人和女人间永恒的对立，展示着生活的残酷和美好，展示着爱情和死亡的永恒追随。

歌剧的序曲为A大调，回旋曲式。整部序曲建立在具有尖锐对比的形象之上，以华丽、紧凑、引人入胜的音乐来表现这部歌剧的主要内容。序曲中集中了歌剧内最主要的一些旋律，而且使用明暗对比的效果将歌剧的内容充分地表现了出来，主题选自歌剧最后一幕中斗牛士上场时的音乐。本剧的序曲是音乐会上经常单独演奏的曲目。

第一幕中换班的士兵到来时，一群孩子在前面模仿着士兵的步伐开路。孩子们在轻快的2/4拍子,d小调上,唱着笛鼓进行曲《我们和士兵在一起》。在这一幕塑造了吉卜赛姑娘卡门热情、奔放、富于魅力的形象。

主人公卡门的著名咏叹调《爱情像一只自由的小鸟》是十分深入人心的旋律，充分表现出卡门豪爽、奔放而富有神秘魅力的形象。卡门被逮捕后，龙骑兵中尉苏尼哈亲自审问她，可她却漫不经心地哼起了一支小调，此曲形象地表现出卡门放荡不羁的性格。还是这一幕中，卡门在引诱唐·豪塞时，又唱出另一个著名的咏叹调，是一首西班牙舞蹈节奏的迷人曲子,旋律热情而又有几分野气，进一步刻画了卡门性格中的直率和泼辣。

第一幕与第二幕之间的间奏曲也十分有名，选自第二幕中唐·豪塞的咏叹调《阿尔卡拉龙骑兵》,大管以中庸的快板奏出洒脱而富活力的主旋律。第二幕中还有一段吉普赛风格的音乐，表现的是两个吉普赛女郎在酒店跳舞时纵情欢乐的场面，跳跃性的节奏和隐约的人声烘托出酒店里喧闹的气氛。第二幕中著名的《斗牛士之歌》，是埃斯卡米里奥为感谢欢迎和崇拜他的民众而唱的一首歌曲。这首节奏有力、声音雄壮的凯旋进行曲，成功地塑造了这位百战百胜的勇敢斗牛士的高大形象。

第二幕与第三幕之间的间奏曲是一段轻柔、优美的旋律,长笛与竖琴交相辉映，饱含脉脉的温情。

第四幕的结尾，正象柴科夫斯基所说的那样：“当我看这最后一场时，总是不能止住泪水，一方面是观众看见斗牛士时的狂呼，另一方面却是两个主人公最终死亡的可怕悲剧结尾，这两个人不幸的命运使他们历尽辛酸之后还是走向了不可避免的结局。”剧中还有一段脍炙人口的西班牙风格舞曲“阿拉贡”，也是音乐会上经常单独演出的曲目。

Introduction to the opera Carmen
The opera Carmen, based on the novel of the same name by merry, was completed in the autumn of 1874.This is the last work of bizet in his life, and the most performed opera in the world today.Bizet USES music to tell a tragic story against a cheerful backdrop, depicting the happy, open and wild complexity of Carmen, a gypsy girl.It shows us the naked passion, the eternal opposition between men and women, the cruelty and beauty of life, the eternal pursuit of love and death.
The overture of the opera is in A major.The whole overture is built on the image of sharp contrast, presenting the main content of the opera with gorgeous, compact and engrossing music.The overture concentrated some of the most important melodies in the opera, and used the effect of chiaroscuro to fully express the content of the opera. The theme was chosen from the music of the matador in the last act of the opera.The prelude to the play is a solo piece often played at concerts.
In the first act, a group of children mimics the pace of the soldiers as they arrive from their shift.On a brisk 2/4 beat, in d minor, the children sang the flute and drum march "we are with the soldiers."In this scene, Carmen, the gypsy girl, was portrayed as enthusiastic, unrestrained and charming.
The famous aria "love is like a free bird" by the protagonist Carmen is a melody deeply rooted in people's hearts, which fully shows Carmen's forthright, unrestrained and mysterious charm.When Carmen is arrested, lieutenant suniha of the dragoons interrogate her personally, but she casually hums a tune that vividly shows Carmen's Bohemian character.In the same scene, when Carmen seduces don hauser, she sings another famous aria, a charming piece of Spanish dance rhythm with a warm but somewhat wild melody, which further depicts the directness and virulence of Carmen's character.
The interlude between act I and act ii is also famous. It is taken from don hauser's aria "alcala dragoons" in act ii.In the second act there is also a piece of music in the gypsy style, which shows two gypsy girls dancing in the hotel and enjoying themselves. The jumping rhythm and the faint human voice give the hotel a noisy atmosphere.The famous song of the matador in the second act is a song sung by escamilio to thank the people who welcome and worship him.The powerful rhythm, the majestic voice of the triumphal march, successfully shaped the formidable image of the fighter.
The interlude between act two and act three is a soft, beautiful melody, with the flute and harp reflecting each other, full of tender feelings.
At the end of the fourth act like Tchaikovsky, puts it: "when I look at the last, always can't stop the tears, the one hand is the audience see the matador at the time when used, on the other hand are two main eventually end the terrible tragedy of death, the two unfortunate fate after they experienced the bitterness toward the inevitable."The play also has a popular Spanish style dance "aragon", is also a concert often performed alone.