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莫扎特之旅－文化交流－音乐历史上的今天


	田润德编译文/图 2020-03-25 19:36

克劳德·德彪西（Achille-Claude Debussy 1862－1918）

海菲兹heifetz 演奏德彪西《亚麻色头发的少女》

音乐历史上的今天

1918年3月25日，在长期遭受病痛折磨之后，德彪西死于德军对巴黎的春季远程轰炸中，55岁的德彪西因为身体太过虚弱，无法被移入地下室，在巴黎家中死于直肠癌。“他死了，法兰西的克劳德。”意大利诗人邓南遮哀悼说。

阿希尔·克劳德·德彪西(Achille-Claude Debussy，1862年8月22日－1918年3月25日），法国人，十九世纪末、二十世纪初欧洲音乐界颇具影响的作曲家、革新家，同时也是近代“印象主义”音乐的鼻祖，对欧美各国的音乐产生了深远的影响。
德彪西自幼年起即受到印象派艺术的熏陶。他在马斯奈等前辈作曲家开创的法国音乐传统的影响下，结合了东方音乐，西班牙舞曲和爵士乐的一些特点，将法国印象派艺术手法运用到音乐上，创造出了其别具一格的和声。其音乐对自他以后的作曲家产生了深远的影响。
德彪西的代表作品有管弦乐《大海》、《牧神午后前奏曲》，钢琴曲《月光》、《前奏曲》和《g小调弦乐四重奏》，而他的创作最高峰则是歌剧《佩利亚斯与梅丽桑德》。
德彪西被总括为印象派音乐的代表，虽然他本人并不同意，甚至设法远离这一称谓。一些作家如罗伯·施密兹（E. Robert Schmitz），塞西·格雷（Cecil Gray）亦认为德彪西是一位“象征主义者”而非“印象主义者”。《新格罗夫音乐辞典》内文也写到，将德彪西的音乐美学称为“印象主义”是不尽准确的。
第一次世界大战期间，他写过一些对遭受苦难的人民寄予同情的作品，创作风格也有所改变。此时他已患癌症，于1918年3月25日德国进攻巴黎时去世。

德彪西是最纯粹的音乐家，喜欢用暗示和非直接宣告来传递讯息，主张感觉专注、幻想飞驰，以及沉默休止乃表达感情的最有力武器。其作品洋溢自然与想象的神秘对话，往往塑造出一个醒着做梦的奇异世界。二十世纪作曲家很少有人能免除对他那种巧妙深沉的影响。

今日视频：1、海菲兹演奏德彪西《亚麻色头发的少女》；2、大卫·奥伊斯特拉赫演奏德彪西《月光》; 3、德彪西《g小调弦乐四重奏》。

1885年，23岁的德彪西（白衣者）——于罗马

德彪西和他的女儿

加布里埃尔·邓南遮（Gabriele d'Annunzio，原名Gaetano Rapagnetta)。1863年3月12日－1938年3月1日），意大利诗人、记者、小说家戏剧家和冒险者。他常被视作贝尼托·墨索里尼的先驱者，在政治上颇受争议。主要作品有《玫瑰三部曲》。

Gabriele d 'annunzio (formerly Gaetano Rapagnetta).March 12, 1863 -- March 1, 1938), Italian poet, journalist, novelist, dramatist, and adventurer.Often seen as the forerunner of benito Mussolini, he was politically controversial.His main works include the rose trilogy.

Today in the history of music
On March 25, 1918, after a long period of suffering, Debussy died during the German long-range bombing of Paris in the spring. At the age of 55, Debussy was too weak to be moved into the basement and died of rectal cancer at his home in Paris."He is dead, Claude of France.""Mourned the Italian poet dannunzio.
Achille-claude Debussy (August 22, 1862 -- March 25, 1918) was a French composer and innovator in the European music industry at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
Debussy has been influenced by impressionist art since he was a child.Under the influence of the French musical tradition pioneered by composers such as marsnet, he combined some characteristics of Oriental music, Spanish dance music and jazz, and applied French impressionist techniques to music, creating its unique harmony.His music has had a profound influence on composers since him.
Debussy's representative works include the orchestral sea, the preludes to the afternoon of the fauns, the piano moonlight, the preludes, and the string quartet in g minor.
Debussy was generally regarded as the representative of impressionist music, although he himself did not agree with it and even managed to stay away from it.Some writers, such as e. Robert Schmitz and Cecil Gray, also considered Debussy a "symbolist" rather than an "impressionist."The new grove music dictionary also writes that it is not accurate to call Debussy's music aesthetics "impressionism".
During the first world war, he wrote works of compassion for the suffering people, and his style changed.By this time he was suffering from cancer and died on March 25, 1918, while the germans were attacking Paris.
Debussy was a musician of the purest sort, who liked to convey messages by implication and indirect pronouncements, and who argued that feeling focused, fantasy galloping, and silence were the most powerful weapons of expression.His works are full of mysterious dialogues between nature and imagination, often creating a strange world of waking dreams.There are few twentieth-century composers who are immune from that subtle and profound influence.
Today's video: 1. Heffizi playing Debussy's "the flaxen-haired girl";2. David oyster playing Debussy's moonlight;3. String quartet in g minor by Debussy.

亚莎·海菲兹（Jascha·Heifetz，1901年2月2日－1987年12月10日，犹太血统的美籍俄国（立陶宛）小提琴家，二十世纪最伟大的小提琴演奏家之一。

Jascha Heifetz (February 2, 1901 -- December 10, 1987) was a jewish-american Russian (Lithuanian) violinist and one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century.

《亚麻色头发的少女》
这是德彪西所作包括12首乐曲的钢琴曲集《前奏曲集》第一集中的第8首。德彪西于1901年至1913年之间连续创作了24首钢琴小品，他自己称之为“前奏曲”。但是，他的这些前奏曲无论从构思上还是从形象上看，和肖邦的“前奏曲“没有一点相似之处。德彪西写作“前奏曲”时已经50岁左右，是艺术上处于完全成熟阶段。他纯熟地运用了钢琴音响色彩调色板上的一切手段，创造了新颖独特的语言，栩栩如生地刻画了一系列别有情致的音乐形象，开拓了“前奏曲”表现领域。这首《亚麻色头发的少女》就是其中最具特色的一首。
德彪西在创作此乐曲的18年前，曾经根据法国诗人勒贡特·德·列尔的诗作谱写过一首同名艺术歌曲。诗中这样写道：
“是谁坐在盛开的苜蓿花丛中，自清晨起就在放声歌唱？那是一位有着亚麻色头发的少女，她的樱桃般的嘴唇美妙无双。在夏日明朗的阳光下，云雀的歌声在回荡，爱情在她的心中发芽滋长。”
有人认为德彪西是根据诗歌中的少女形象创作了这首乐曲。乐曲的一开始立即呈示清新而优美的具有五声调式特点的主题。
流畅的旋律和着轻松的三拍子节奏微微起伏，温柔宁静中透出少女青春的活力，使人联想到沐浴着阳光的少女那充满幢憬和勾想的微笑。同时也很容易将人带进前期拉斐尔画派的作品《圣洁的达姆采儿》的画面中。在四度、五度并行的和弦组成的调式和声形成的和谐气氛中，这一抒情的主题进一步发展和再现。最后在清新柔美的气氛中结束。

The flaxen haired girl
This is the eighth song in the first episode of Debussy's 12-piece piano collection "prelude".Between 1901 and 1913, Debussy composed 24 piano pieces in succession, which he called "prelude".But his preludes bear no resemblance to Chopin's in conception or in image.Debussy was already about 50 years old when he wrote "prelude" and was in a fully mature stage artistically.He skillfully used all the means on the piano sound color palette, created a novel and unique language, vividly portrayed a series of unique musical images, opened up the "prelude" performance field.This song "flaxen hair girl" is one of the most distinctive.
Debussy composed the music 18 years ago, according to the French poet le guente DE riel wrote an art song of the same name.It says:
"Who sits among the blooming alfalfa bushes, and has been singing since morning?It was a girl with flaxen hair and cherry lips.In the summer sunshine, the lark sang, and love grew in her heart.
Some people think that Debussy wrote the music based on the image of the girl in the poem.The beginning of the music immediately presents a fresh and beautiful theme characteristic of pentatonic mode.
Smooth melody and relaxed rhythm of the three beats slightly ups and downs, gentle and quiet with the vitality of the girl's youth, people associate with the sunshine of the girl that is full of vision and the smile.At the same time, it is easy to bring people into the early Raphael painting "the holy damzel" pictures.This lyrical theme is further developed and reproduced in the harmonious atmosphere formed by the mode and harmony formed by the chords of four and five degrees parallel.Finally in the fresh and soft atmosphere in the end.

大卫·奥伊斯特拉赫（David Oistrakh1908-1974)

大卫·奥伊斯特拉赫（David Oistrakh1908-1974）是我们这个时代最乐观和最抒情的小琴演奏大师，是一位给人们带来光明和希望的杰出艺术家。”如果说“俄罗斯提琴学派”代表着20世纪提琴演奏艺术发展主流的话，那么当一大批犹太裔的著名提琴家相继流向西方之后，奥伊斯特拉赫则当之无愧地成为实际意义上的苏联小提琴学派的精神领袖，他对于小提琴艺术的巨大贡献堪以永垂史册。

David oistrakh1908-1974 was one of the most optimistic and lyrical virtuosos of our time, an outstanding artist who brought light and hope to people.If the "Russian violin school" represents the mainstream violin playing art development in the 20th century, when a large number of famous violin jewish home after one after another to the west, the east he is worthy to be on the actual meaning of the spiritual leader of the Soviet union violin school, his great contribution of violin arts as to go down forever.

《月光》
这首钢琴曲是德彪西早期代表作《贝加莫》组曲中的第3首，但是却经常单独拿来作为独立的钢琴曲在音乐会上演奏。“贝加莫”是意大利北部的一个地区，那里有着秀丽的风光。德彪西在1884年获罗马大奖，因此获得了去意大利公费留学的机会。在留学期间，游历了贝加莫，这给他留下了美好的印象。这部组曲就是他这一印象的产物。
《月光》一译“明月之光”，虽是德彪西早期的作品，但已初步显示了他的印象派艺术风格。以”月光”为主题的作品很多，德彪西那细腻的、充满浪漫色彩的和精致的和声描绘，以及变幻无常的节奏音型处理，却是别具一格。这部对大自然美好景色写照的作品使德彪西声名远扬。
乐曲一开始在行板速度上呈现的乐思温和而幽静。这一委婉的旋律，轻轻波动、缓缓起伏，描绘了月夜特有的诗情画意。
中间部分是一个富于抒情意味的段落。左手弹奏的流动的分解和弦音型，似乎是抒写人们在静夜中的沉思，心潮澎湃、浮想联翩。最后再现开始时的旋律，并加上左手分解和弦的衬托。

"Moonlight"
This piano piece is the third in the suite of Debussy's early masterpiece bergamo, but it is often used as an independent piano piece in concerts.Bergamo is a region of northern Italy with beautiful scenery.Debussy won the Rome prize in 1884, so he got the chance to study in Italy at public expense.During his study abroad, he visited bergamo, which left a good impression on him.The suite was the product of this impression.
Although the moonlight is an early work of Debussy, it has initially shown his impressionist art style.There are many works with the theme of "moonlight", but Debussy's delicate, romantic and delicate harmonic description, as well as the treatment of the capricious rhythm and sound pattern, is unique.This portrayal of the beautiful scenery of nature made Debussy famous.
At the beginning of the music, the idea presented on the andante speed is gentle and quiet.This euphemistic melody gently undulates and slowly undulates, depicting the unique poetic and pictorial meaning of moonlight night.
The middle part is a lyrical passage.The flow of broken chord patterns played by the left hand seems to express people's meditation in the quiet night, the heart surging, the imagination throng.Finally, reproduce the beginning melody, and add the left hand chord decomposition background.

大卫·奥伊斯特拉赫演奏德彪西《月光》

G大调弦乐四重奏-德彪西（现场版）

String Quartet in g minorop.10-Debussy (live performance)

克劳德·德彪西：G大调四重奏（1893）I。活泼而坚定。II.相当活泼，节奏很好。III.安丹蒂诺柔和的表现力。IV.非常温和--非常活跃，充满激情。Filmed live in the Daniel and Joanna S.Rose Studio on November 13，2014。特里斯坦·库克制作的视频。艺术家：丹麦弦乐四重奏（Rune Tonsgaard S ø rensen，Frederik Ø land，小提琴；Asbj ø rn N ø rgaard，中提琴；Fredrik Sj ö lin，大提琴）。

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海菲兹heifetz 演奏 德彪西《亚麻色头发的少女》

大卫·奥伊斯特拉赫 演奏德彪西《月光》

G大调弦乐四重奏-德彪西（现场版）

String Quartet in g minorop.10-Debussy (live performance)

海菲兹heifetz 演奏德彪西《亚麻色头发的少女》

大卫·奥伊斯特拉赫演奏德彪西《月光》