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田润德
编译文/图 2020-11-24
20:36 |
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彼得·伊里奇·柴可夫斯基(Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky,1840—1893) |
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田元(Tian Yuan)在米滕瓦尔德圣彼得保罗大教堂演奏:柴可夫斯基
《D大调小提琴协奏曲》
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米滕瓦尔德(德语:Mittenwald)是德国南部的小镇,位于德国上巴伐
利亚地区,一年一度的卡温德尔音乐节在这里举办,这里山色秀丽,
人杰地灵,这里有闻名世界的开业于1930年小提琴博物馆,每年都有
来自世界的各地的音乐爱好者参加,2017年有几位享誉世界的小提琴
大师在这里讲学和举办比赛和音乐会。
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Tian Yuan at St. Peter Paul's Basilica in Mittenwalde:
Tchaikovsky
Violin Concerto in D Major
Mittenwald (German: Mittenwald) is a small town in southern Germany
located in Upper Bavaria, Germany
In the Leia region, where the annual Carwendal Music Festival takes
place,
It is home to the world-famous violin Museum, which opened in 1930 and
is held every year
Music lovers from around the world took part, and 2017 featured several
world-famous violins
Masters give lectures and hold competitions and concerts here.
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音乐历史上的今天
1888年11月24日,柴可夫斯基的歌剧《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》在布拉格上演。
俄罗斯作曲家彼得·伊里奇·柴可夫斯基(Pyotr
Ilyich Tchaikovsky,1840—1893)出生于1840年5月7日,对于这位音乐天才的充满戏剧性的、缠绕着羞怯、忧郁、激动以及迟迟而来的喷薄创造力的传奇人生,1877年是柴可夫斯基生命中最重要的一年,没有之一。这一年中所发生的所有消极和积极的事件——无论是事业还是生活——都在极大程度上决定了彼得·伊里奇的整个一生,甚至由此改写了俄罗斯音乐的历史面貌。可以说,如此众多的戏剧性事件集中于同一年份、同一人身上,这在古往今来的天才艺术家中也是极为少见的。如今,我们可以用几个关键词串联起老柴的这一命运之年,来探究他的幸与不幸,并从中一窥他的极富传奇色彩的音乐人生。
噩梦般的婚姻
1877年春,一个名叫安东尼娜·米留克娃的年轻女子与37岁的柴可夫斯基偶然相识,然后便不停地给他写信。这位女子表示自己已经疯狂地爱上了他,并且希望与他结婚。一直单身的柴可夫斯基并没有认识到这个女子的精神出了问题,也不知道她正幻想着所有男子都爱上了她。不幸且不解的是,他竟然同意了这一婚事。事后他这样解释:他之所以做出这个不可思议的举动,是因为他不这么做,她就会自杀。
事实上,就在婚礼的前三天,在一封写给女赞助人梅克夫人的私人信函中,柴可夫斯基以一种近乎忏悔的口吻,向我们透露了其中更多的隐秘:
今天看起来,似乎有一种神秘的力量把我带到了这个姑娘的身边。……37岁的我虽然天生具有一种讨厌婚姻的倾向,突然勉强同一个我不爱的女人结合是很困难的……但我的心是善良的。我结婚,但没有爱情。只因为环境要求我这样做,只因为我没有其他的出路……
的确,这桩极为不幸的婚姻背后还隐藏着柴氏一个秘不可言的自私动机,那便是他试图用结婚来转移人们怀疑的视线——他难以启齿的同性恋倾向。多年来它一直是柴可夫斯基的秘密,而今它再也不是什么秘密,而是一个得到广泛理解和承认的事实。对于羞怯而敏感的柴氏来说,关于他同性恋倾向的流言蜚语一直让他生活在巨大的恐惧中。同时,他的弟弟、兼他的传记作家莫迪斯特也是一位同性恋者,两兄弟在他们的通信中曾用隐语提到悬在他们头上的这把恐怖的“达摩克里斯之剑”,后来这一意象出现在其《F小调第四交响曲》第一乐章的引子段落。
柴可夫斯基与米留克娃
令人痛苦的是,从这个婚姻的第一天甚至是第一个小时开始,彼得·伊里奇就开始为他的轻率和不理智付出惨重的代价,他陷入了极度的不幸之中。7月18日,在新婚之夜的火车旅行时,他就认识到米留克娃与自己根本不是情投意合的一对。他想到自己恐怕要精神错乱了——“火车开动时,我几乎要尖叫起来”。
此后三个月中发生的故事,简直就是陀思妥耶夫斯基才能描绘的精神酷刑的焦热地狱。安东尼娜对他丈夫的作品“连一个音符都不知道”,甚至哪里可以买到乐谱也不知道,她从不听音乐会,而且话题离不开琐碎的事情,她喜欢说的是过去曾有多少男性钟情于她,那些男人又是如何的高贵……这一切让柴可夫斯基苦不堪言。为了躲避自己的妻子,柴可夫斯基在夜间必须跑到莫斯科街头漫游好几个小时。有一天晚上,他来到莫斯科河畔的一个偏僻的角落,他跨入河水,冰冷的河水漫过了他的胸膛。彼得·伊里奇希望自己患肺炎死去,这样就可以免去自杀带来的羞辱,但他并没有如愿以偿。只有朋友卡日津知道这件堂吉诃德式的行为,对他的妻子,他谎称自己夜间钓鱼时掉进了水里。
最后,他逃到圣彼得堡,躲到弟弟阿纳托尔的家中,在那里他的精神完全崩溃了。阿纳托尔把安东尼娜送回敖德萨她母亲的家中,然后把自己衰弱不堪的哥哥带到瑞士的一个疗养所。当阿纳托尔通报她丈夫患病并出走的消息时,她对此却毫不在意,并告诉目瞪口呆的阿纳托尔说有很多男人在追求他。从此之后,他和他的妻子再也没有见面,但始终没有离婚。后来,幼稚、缺乏教养且患有精神障碍的米留克娃在革命期间死于疯人院。
对于彼得·伊里奇的不幸婚姻,我们应当指出,他从未试图把责任全部推到妻子的身上,即使当她后来一再写信敲诈他时,他虽然一度精神很激动,却也没有这样做。这个疯狂决定的婚姻闹剧成了他一生的精神转折。我们几乎无法想象,如果在这场难以收拾的不幸危机中没有娜杰日达·梅克,这个善良的天使向他伸出援助之手的话,柴可夫斯基会变成什么样子,或许他的结局并不会比他的妻子更好。
心爱的朋友
1876年底,这位名叫娜杰日达·梅克的善良天使从天而降,以一位陌生的女性崇拜者的委约信件的形式:
请允许我对您迅速满足我的请求表示衷心的感谢。我不必特意告诉您我是如何喜欢您的音乐作品,因为您已经习惯了其他的赞扬,对我这样一个在音乐领域中的无名小卒的赞誉,在您看来可能是极为可笑的。所以我只能对您说——并请求您相信我说的每一个字——听您的音乐,连生活都会变得轻松和舒适。
柴可夫斯基第二天就写了回信:“……对一个经历过失败和坎坷的音乐家来说,知道还有一些人像您那样真诚地爱我的艺术,这对我是个安慰。”这仅仅是他们长达14年的书信友谊的开端。他们空前绝后的书信往来,包括1204封大多是长篇、甚至是特长篇的信件,其内容囊括了从纯粹私人的直到哲学层面的问题,音乐当然始终处于核心地位,因为这个友谊产生于音乐,并在音乐中生存。整整六十年后(1937年),两人的书信精选集《心爱的朋友》在纽约出版,轰动一时。
Beloved Friend
《我的音乐生活:柴科夫斯基与梅克夫人通信集》
作为俄国铁路建筑史上一位著名工程师的遗孀,娜杰日达·梅克在丈夫死后继承了一笔巨大财富,其中包括莫斯科的一处宅邸、一个巨大的农庄,还有两条铁路。她在莫斯科宫殿般的家中过着半隐居的生活,陪伴她的只有两个爱好:孩子(至少有12个子女)和音乐。1877年3月,梅克夫人在一封信中记录了前一年首次听到柴可夫斯基音乐时那种难以言喻的销魂感受:“我最初听到您的音乐是《暴风雨》,它给我的感受简直无法对您言喻,几天来我一直处在迷蒙之中难以自拔。”
我们无需过分拔高或贬低这份特殊的友谊,在他们通过书信往来相结识的那一刻,两人就已经在各方面感到了相互的需求。对刚刚守寡的梅克夫人来说,一个新的激动人心的生活开始了;而对于彼得·伊里奇来说,这份友谊意味着他从绝望的深渊中得以解脱,他通过梅克夫人的经济资助换来了个人自由,尤其是音乐创作方面的空前自由。
梅克夫人进入柴可夫斯基的生活世界,就像是上苍安排的一次特别行动。没有她的经济支持,柴氏面对那桩愚蠢透顶的婚姻绝不会如此轻易逃脱;没有她的道义支持,那一鲁莽行动的精神后果也要严重的多。因此,当梅克夫人1877年10月17日寄来的信自然是他求之不得的:
……您知道,我是多么爱您,多么希望您能过的最好。我认为,能够给您这种感受的并不是亲属关系和身体上的结合,而是感情和心灵的纽带。您知道,我是多么感激您给了我这么多幸福的时光,我多么需要您——就像您现在这样——所以,我所做的一切并不是为了您,而是为了我自己。
不久,梅克夫人就决定,向他的朋友提供高达6000卢布的年度资助,来取代支付作曲委托的报酬和根据需要给予的临时帮助。柴可夫斯基是在瑞士小镇蒙特勒北部的克拉伦斯获悉这一好消息的,他为了摆脱悲剧婚姻的困扰逃到了这里。10月25日,他在给梅克夫人的回信中以一种激动的口吻表达了由衷的感激之情:“……在遇到您之前,我不知道世界上还有像您这样具有爱心和深情的人。不仅是您所做的事情,重要的是您如何做这件事情,都已接近奇迹。……我要感谢您,是您使我对工作的爱以双倍的能量回到了我身上。我将永远永远都不会忘记,是您帮助了我,继续我的艺术生活……”
更重要的是,从1877年5月开始构思却因婚姻悲剧而一度中断创作的《第四交响曲》,随着柴可夫斯基双倍能量附体的华丽转身而再次进入创作轨道,在这封感情真挚的信的结尾处,彼得·伊里奇不忘兑现半年前的承诺:“我又逐渐开始工作,最晚到十二月就将完成我们的交响曲。”
“我们的交响曲”
在1877年8月12日写给梅克夫人的一封信中,柴可夫斯基首次使用“我们的交响曲”来指称这首将改变其音乐生涯乃至俄罗斯音乐面貌的《F小调第四交响曲》,这部题献给梅克夫人的重要作品也成为二者动人友情的伟大见证。同时,作为柴可夫斯基最著名的三部交响曲中的第一部,这部艺术杰作成为他个人音乐生涯的一个重大转折,它并不是柴氏创作的那种近乎完美无缺的乐曲,却是他那些产生了最强烈、最持久影响的作品之一,并由此开启了他短暂而辉煌的中晚期创作生涯。
在饱受婚姻困扰的8月,柴可夫斯基至少构思了这首影响深远的交响曲的框架:“第一乐章需要我在配器上花费不少精力。它很复杂,也很长……至于其他三个乐章则十分简单,配器将是很有兴味的。谐谑曲会有一种新的配器效果,这是我所期望的。”事实上,著名的第一乐章确实花了柴可夫斯基最多的心思和精力,在接近完成全曲的12月14日,他在给弟弟阿纳托尔的信中写道:“今天完成了第四交响曲最困难的乐章——第一乐章……我写第四交响曲时充分意识到这部作品是出色的,是我迄今的一切作品中形式最完美的。”
今日视频:1、
田元在德国米滕瓦尔德圣彼得保罗大教堂演奏柴可夫斯基《D大调小提琴协奏曲》第一乐章;2、柴可夫斯基的歌剧《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金 》Eugene Onegin
(索尔蒂指挥)。 |
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柴可夫斯基和与俄罗斯音乐协会成员在哈尔科夫(1893年3月) |
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Today
in the history of music
Tchaikovsky's opera Eugene Onegin was performed in Prague
on November 24, 1888.
Russian composer Peter Iraq richie Tchaikovsky, Pyotr Ilyich
Tchaikovsky, 1840-1893) was born on May 7, 1840, for the music
genius dramatic, with shyness, depression, excited, and delayed
filling of creativity of the legendary life, 1877 is the most
important year Tchaikovsky's life, no one.All the negative and
positive events of the year -- both career and life -- largely
defined Peter Ilich's entire life and even changed the history
of Russian music.It can be said that such a large number of
dramatic events in the same year, the same person, which is rare
among the talented artists of all ages.Now, we can use a few key
words to connect the fate of Lao Chai's year, to explore his
happiness and misfortune, and from this, we can get a glimpse of
his legendary musical life.
A nightmare marriage
In the spring of 1877, a young woman named Antonina Milyukova
met the 37-year-old Tchaikovsky by chance and wrote to him
incessantly.The woman said she was madly in love with him and
wanted to marry him.Tchaikovsky, who had been single, did not
realize that the woman was mentally ill, or that she was
imagining that all men were in love with her.Unfortunately and
uncomprehending, he consented to the marriage.He explained
afterwards that he had acted so strangely because if he had not
done so, she would have committed suicide.
In fact, in a private letter to his patron, Madame Von Meck,
just three days before the wedding, Tchaikovsky reveals even
more of his secrets in a tone that is almost confessional:
Today it seemed as if some mysterious force had brought me to
this girl....At 37, although I had an innate tendency to hate
marriage, it was hard to suddenly force a union with a woman I
didn't love...But my heart is good.I'm married, but I don't have
love.Just because circumstances require it, just because I have
no other way out...
Indeed, chai's selfish motive behind the most unfortunate
marriage was his attempt to deflect suspicion -- his unspeakable
homosexuality -- by marrying.It had been Tchaikovsky's secret
for so many years, and now it was no longer a secret, but a
widely understood and recognized fact.For the shy and sensitive
Chae, rumors about his homosexuality kept him living in great
fear.His brother and biographer, Modexter, was also gay, and in
their correspondence the brothers allude to the grisly "sword of
Damocles" hanging over their heads, an image that later appears
in the introduction to the first movement of their Fourth
Symphony in F Minor.
Tchaikovsky and Milyukova
Painfully, from the first day or even the first hour of this
marriage, Peter Illich began to pay a heavy price for his
indiscretion and irrationality, and he fell into the depths of
misfortune.On the wedding night train ride on July 18, he
realized that Milyukova and he were not a match for each
other.He thought he might lose his mind -- "I almost screamed
when the train started moving."
The story of the next three months was the scorched hell of
spiritual torture that Dostoevsky could have described.Antonina
doesn't know "a single note" of her husband's work, or even
where to buy music. She never goes to concerts, and the topic is
about trivial matters. She likes to talk about how many men have
fallen in love with her in the past, and how noble those men
were...All this made Tchaikovsky miserable.To escape his wife,
Tchaikovsky had to wander the streets of Moscow for hours at
night.One night he came to a lonely corner of the Moscow river.
He stepped into the water, and the cold water came over his
chest.Peter Illich wanted to die of pneumonia so he could avoid
the humiliation of suicide, but that didn't happen.Only his
friend Kazazin knows about this Quixotic act. To his wife, he
lies about falling into the water while fishing at night.
At last he fled to St. Petersburg, where he took refuge in the
house of his brother Anatole, and there he fell apart
completely.Anatole returned Antonina to her mother's home in
Odessa and took his ailing brother to a sanatorium in
Switzerland.When Anatole reported that her husband was ill and
had left, she paid no attention to it, telling a stunned Anatole
that many men were after him.He and his wife never saw each
other again, but they never divorced.Later, milyukova, naive,
ill-bred and suffering from mental disorders, died in a lunatic
asylum during the revolution.
In the case of Peter Illich's unhappy marriage, it should be
noted that he never attempted to place all the blame on his
wife, even though he was once agitated when she later wrote
repeatedly to blackmail him.The marital drama of this crazy
decision became the spiritual turning point of his life.We can
hardly imagine what Tchaikovsky would have been like without the
help of the good angel, Najida Meck, in this unmanageable and
unfortunate crisis, and perhaps he would have ended no better
than his wife.
Beloved friend
At the end of 1876, this good angel, Nadezhda Meck, descended
from the sky in the form of a letter of appointment from an
unknown female admirer:
Allow me to express my sincere thanks for your prompt response
to my request.I need not go out of my way to tell you how Much I
like your music, for you are used to other compliments, and
praise of such a nobody in the field of music may seem to you
most ridiculous.So I can only say to you -- and I ask you to
believe every word I say -- that by listening to your music,
even life will become easier and more comfortable.
Tchaikovsky wrote back the next day: "...It's a comfort to me,
as a musician who has been through failures and ups and downs,
to know that there are others who love my art as sincerely as
you do."It was only the beginning of a letter friendship that
would last for 14 years.In their unprecedented correspondence,
including 1204 long and even long letters, covering issues
ranging from the purely personal to the philosophical, music was
of course always at the heart, because the friendship was born
out of and lived in music.Exactly sixty years later, in 1937, a
collection of their letters, A Beloved Friend, was published in
New York and became a sensation.
Beloved Friend
My Musical Life: Tchaikovsky's Correspondence with Madame Von
Meck
The widow of one of Russia's most famous railway builders,
Nadezhda Meck inherited a fortune, including a Moscow mansion, a
huge farm, and two railways, when her husband died.She lives in
semi-seclusion in her palatial Moscow home, accompanied by only
two hobbies: children (of at least 12) and music.In March 1877,
Madame Von Meck recorded in a letter her indescribable ecstasy
at hearing Tchaikovsky's music for the first time the year
before: "I first heard your music, 'The Tempest,' and the
feeling it gave me is beyond description. I have been in a daze
for several days."
There is no need to overrate or downplay this particular
friendship. From the moment they met through their
correspondence, the two men already felt a need for each other
in every way.A new and exciting life begins for the newly
widowed Mrs. Mack.For Peter Illich, the friendship meant an
escape from the abyss of despair, and through Mrs. Mack's
financial support he gained unprecedented personal freedom,
especially in musical composition.
Madame Von Meck's entry into Tchaikovsky's world was like a
special act of providence.Without her financial support, Chai
would not have escaped so easily from the stupidest
marriage;Without her moral support, the moral consequences of
that rash action would have been far more serious.So it was only
natural that he should wish for a letter from Mrs. Mack on
October 17, 1877:
...You know how much I love you and wish for the best for you.I
think it's not kinship and physical union that gives you that
feeling, it's emotional and spiritual ties.You know how grateful
I am for the many happy hours you have given me, and how Much I
need you -- just as you are doing now -- so it is not for you
that I do this, but for myself.
It was not long before Mrs Meck decided to offer his friend an
annual stipend of up to 6, 000 roubles instead of paying
commissions to compose music and giving temporary help as
needed.Tchaikovsky learned the good news in Clarence, north of
the Swiss town of Montreux, where he fled to escape the troubles
of his tragic marriage.On 25 October, in his reply to Mrs. Meck,
he expressed his heartfelt gratitude in a tone of excitement:
"...Before I met you, I didn't know there were so many loving
and loving people like you in the world.Not only what you do,
but how you do it, is close to a miracle....I want to thank you
for bringing my love of work back to me with double strength.I
shall never, ever forget that it was you who helped me to
continue my artistic life..."
And, more importantly, since May 1877 conception was halted by
marriage tragedy creation of the fourth symphony, and with the
turn of Tchaikovsky possess double energy into orbit, again at
the end of this relationship sincere letter, Peter's rich don't
forget to deliver on the promises of half a year ago: "I
gradually began to work again, the most late December will have
completed our symphony."
"Our Symphony"
In a letter to Madame Von Meck on August 12, 1877, Tchaikovsky
used "Our Symphony" for the first time to refer to the Symphony
No. 4 in F Minor, which would change his musical career and the
face of Russian music. This important work dedicated to Madame
Von Meck also became a great witness of their moving
friendship.Tchaikovsky as the first of the three most famous
symphonies, the art become a major turning point of his music
career, it is not the nearly perfect Chai Shi creation of music,
it is he who created one of the most intense, the most lasting
impact work, and opened his brief but brilliant middle-late
writing career.
In married-plagued August, Tchaikovsky conceived at least the
framework of his seminal symphony: "The first movement requires
a great deal of effort on my part.It's complicated, it's
long...The other three movements are quite simple, and the
orchestration will be very interesting.The scherzo will have a
new orchestration, which Is what I expect."In fact, the famous
first movement did cost Tchaikovsky the most thought and energy.
On December 14, when he was nearly finished with the whole
piece, he wrote in a letter to his brother Anatole: "Today we
have completed the most difficult movement of the Fourth
Symphony -- the first movement...When I wrote the Fourth
Symphony, I was fully aware that it was excellent, the most
perfectly formed of all my works to date."
Tian Yuan plays the first movement of Tchaikovsky's Violin
Concerto in D Major at St. Peter's Paul Basilica in Mittenwalde,
Germany.Tchaikovsky's opera Eugene Onegin (Conducted by Solti). |
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彼得·伊里奇·柴可夫斯基(Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky) |
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柴可夫斯基(Pyotr
Ilyich Tchaikovsky)的出生地——伏特金斯克市 |
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我的音乐生活——柴可夫斯基和梅克的通信 |
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致纳·菲·封·梅克
1890年4月7日
罗 马
您难以想像我是多么想回到俄国去,又是多愉快地想起我在乡间的幽居生活。可是,俄国现在出现了问题。反
动势力嚣张,以致列夫。托尔斯泰伯爵的著作也被当作革命宣言而遭至吁查禁。年轻人在造反,俄国的气氛实在是异常阴暗。但这一切并没有妨碍我满怀激情地热爱俄国。我感到奇怪的是,以往我怎么能长期地旅居国外,甚至还能在远离祖国中得到某种满足。
致纳·菲·封·梅克
1890年10月4日
梯比里斯
来信刚刚收到,信中所言,令我十分担忧,不是为了我自己,而是为了您。我说的是实话。要说我的收入减削一大块以后不影响我的物质需求,这不是真话。但造成的影响要比您所想像的要小得多。近年来我的进项增加颇多,预计还会有高速度增长。因此,如果在您的众多忧虑中,我也占有一小份的话,那么,看在老天爷份上,请您确信,我面临的物质损失是不会令我感到丝毫苦恼的。请相信这完全是实话,故作姿态和说漂亮话,不是我的所长。因此’问题不在于我将在一段时间里节约开支。问题在于您一向生活宽裕,如今却要忍受匮乏之苦了。我难以形容我是多么地为您担心。……您信中的最后一句话(梅克夫人的这封信未传世,据说其中有“别忘记我,时而想起我”字样一译者按)令我稍感不快,但我不相信这是出于您的本意。您当真认为我只有在得到您的钱财时才会想起您吗?我能片刻忘记您给与我的一切以及我所欠之情吗?是您救了我,没有您的友谊和关心,我肯定会发疯和走上绝路。您的经济支助(当时解我倒悬之苦)使我能力贾余勇,继续走上既定之路,这些绝非夸大其词。不,我亲爱的朋友,请相信我会终身铭记往事并为您祝福。此时此刻,您不再能给我经济支助,我正该向您充分吐露内心难以用语言形容的无限感激之情。您自己也许觉察不到我的受惠之深。否则您就不会设想:现在您穷了,我只能是“时而”!!!想起您。我可以毫不夸张地说,我从来没有忘记过您。将来也不会片刻忘记您,因为,每当我想到自身时,我的思想始终是向您倾注的。 |
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1877年夏,柴可夫斯基与安东妮娜 |
Tchaikovsky with Antonina in the summer of 1877 |
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柴可夫斯基在离婚在1878年到1880年之间进行了几次,但是没有成功,很长一段时间以来安东妮娜继续相信某种未来的可能性“和解”,并拒绝同意她丈夫提出,从而调用他的愤怒,和愚蠢的指责,怀疑“讹诈”,等等。直到1881年,柴可夫斯基才最终放弃离婚的想法。这个时候,由于妻子反复无常和难以捉摸的行为,他不再向她支付他答应给她的养老金(每月从50卢布波动到100卢布)。 |
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Tchaikovsky
undertook several attempts at divorce between 1878 and 1880, but without
success, since for a long time Antonina continued to believe in the
possibility of some sort of future "reconciliation", and refused to
agree to what her husband proposed, thereby invoking his wrath, with
accusations of stupidity, suspicions of "blackmail", etc. Only in 1881
did Tchaikovsky finally abandon the idea of divorce. At this time he
ceased paying his wife the pension he had promised her (it had
fluctuated from 50 to 100 rubles a month) on the rounds of her erratic
and unpredictable behaviour.
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几首序曲和五部交响曲——他又完成了两部成功的歌剧:《欧根。奥涅金》和《黑桃皇后》。他写信告诉娜杰日达,每次外出,他都是满载荣誉而归——“但只是荣誉。我不知道如何照顾我的经济权益。”他对许多城市作了一次十分成功的音乐旅行。伦敦,德累斯顿、巴黎、日内瓦、柏林、汉堡、布拉格、莱比锡……但是荣誉并没有使他为之所动。“娜杰日达,”他在声名大噪的时候写信给她说,“你才是世界上唯一能使我十分快乐的人。”他衷心希望,她对他的感情永不改变,永无休止,“因为这样的损失是我无法忍受的。”
现在,柴可夫斯基已经接近成功的峰预。他被邀在美国的六大城市作访问演出。过去,这样的荣誉还没有给过任何一个俄国作曲家。天堂似乎终于对他露出了笑脸。
就在他准备动身去美国的时候,一声霹雳从天而降。娜杰目达·冯·梅克夫人用从来没有用过的语气给他写了一封信,筒简单单地告诉他,她正处于破产的边缘,从今以后,无法再给他任何资助——这对彼得又有什么要紧呢?——而且,他们的亲密关系也必须结束。信的末尾平平常常,毫无感情色彩:“有时候想着我一点儿。”
这封信的语气使柴可夫斯基不知所措,他立刻写了回信。难道她以为,没有了她的资助会对他发生影响吗?他请她别为他的经济情况担心,因为他的收入已经大大增加。
粕可是你信上的最后一句,‘有时候想着我一点儿’却教我痛心……你难道以为我只在用你钱的时候才会想到你吗?你为我所做的一切,你的友谊对我和我的音乐的重要意义,我能有一时一刻加以忘怀吗?”柴可夫斯基怎么也不能理解娜杰日达突然对他冷淡的原因,莫斯科并没有关予梅克家破产的消息,相反的,她家投资的铁路,营业始终兴旺。娜娜杰日达态度的转变一定有其他原因箩只有她自己才知道的原因。“请原谅我的草率多,”他在信尾又加了一句。
“我的心情太不平静,无法写得清晰。”
这个打击使他烦恼不安。“她对你和你的音乐感到厌倦了,”一个声音不时在他耳边响起。“现在你已经不再能负起她的雇佣作曲者的任务,她想摆脱你了......。”
柴可夫斯基仍然抱着一线希望,也许有什么误会吧?。她肯定还会给他写一封信解释清楚的。他一天天地等着那封信——始终也没有等到。他乘船到了美国,在一片欢腾声中到达纽约。他成了新世界崇拜的偶像。百万富翁、贵妇、教育家、记者、车夫——全都对他毕恭毕敬。但这是空虚的荣誉。他多么希望用这一切来换取娜杰日达的片纸只字呵。在过去几个月之内;‘他已经苍老了许多。记者们写道,他是个“看上去很有趣的年已花甲的人,”虽然他当时只有五十岁。一在饱尝了美国人的奉承之后,他又匆匆回到莫斯科。仍然得不到娜杰日达的信息。他的信是八个月以前寄出的。最后,来了一封信——不过,不是来自娜杰日达,而是他们的一个朋友写的。
“她病得厉害,她非常不安,不能再象往常那样给你写信了……。”
柴可夫斯基立刻回了信。“我绝不能增加她的痛苦。使我感到痛心、烦恼,或者说,使我深受冒犯的,不是她不给我写信,而是她对我失去了所有的兴趣这个更加令人痛苦的事实……我迫切希望在我不再受到她的资助以后,我和她的关系能一如既往。不幸的是,这一点似乎是不可能的了,因为娜杰日达显然已经对我十分冷淡冷……过去,我仿佛觉得,即使大地在我脚下变成碎片,娜杰日达对我的感情也决不会变。可是这种情况已经发生,我对人们的全部信念,对世界的全部信任一起颠倒了过来。我不会再有平静可言了,不论命运可能带给我什么快乐,其中也永远含有毒素……”
这最后一封信寄出以后,再也没有得到回音。 |
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娜杰日达·冯· 梅克(Nadezhda
Filaretovna von Meck) |
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梅克夫人,全名:娜杰日达·冯· 梅克(1831年2月10日
- 1894年1月13日),英文全名Nadezhda Filaretovna von Meck ,俄文全称 Надежда
Филаретовна фон
Мекк。出生于大农场主家庭,父亲是个工程师和音乐爱好者,她的童年是在母亲甜美的歌声中渡过的,更难得的是,她继承了母亲的精明、果敢和商业头脑。16岁结婚,丈夫是名工程师,名叫卡尔·冯·梅克,28岁,德国人,育有18个子女,其中11个子女长大成人。婚后曾因养育子女饱受贫穷困顿,但梅克夫人的商业禀赋和精明干练改变了卡尔的信念和作风,他辞去公职,不久成为铁路运输大亨。
卡尔于1873年不幸病逝,在他的遗嘱中,留给梅克夫人一笔金融股权,包括两个庞大的铁路网络,以及房产和几百万卢布。丈夫去世后,梅克夫人几乎停止了所有的社会活动,她开始隐居,甚至拒绝会见因她的孩子们结婚而到访的亲友。她为自己这么冷酷也曾感到不安,她给柴可夫斯基的信中写道,“
我在处理各个方面的关系显得非常绝情,是我没有女人味的缘故。而且,我不知道如何进行商谈,他们只能服从,这一特点对我的整个家庭的情感基调来说是受到影响的。我们家庭关系的基调是协同和富有阳刚气,可以这么说。”
梅克夫人有着雄厚的财富和崇高的音乐爱好,带给俄罗斯音乐艺术特别是表演艺术以巨大的推动力。梅克夫人先后资助过德彪西、尼古拉·鲁宾斯坦等人,她还是位于莫斯科的俄罗斯音乐协会的秘密贵宾级会员。在外人看来,她不是赤裸裸地提供资金,而是细致地照顾到艺术家的体面。资助德彪西就是一个例子,她请德彪西做孩子的音乐教师。
资助柴可夫斯基也是一个很好的例子,她决定收藏柴可夫斯基的作品手稿,因为她被《暴风雨》的气势迷住了。梅克夫人与柴可夫斯基,于1876年冬开始了书信交往,一直维持到1890年秋季,其间有据可查的信件多达1200余封。13年里,他们曾两次遇到对方,算是邂逅,且没有交谈。作为报答,柴可夫斯基曾为梅克夫人写下F小调第四交响曲。
1890年,梅克夫人不幸染上结核病,差不多同时,她的儿子弗拉基米尔也被查出患了这种病,无法继续做夫人的私人助理,梅克夫人决定改由茱莉亚女婿担任。由于家庭关系日趋紧张、产业维系日趋艰巨,加上身患重病,梅克夫人把精心写好最后一封信和备好的资金交给贴心侍从伊凡·瓦西里耶夫,辗转送达柴可夫斯基,之后,柴可夫斯基的一封封回信如石沉大海。
1893年9月,柴可夫斯基的侄女安娜,也是梅克夫人的儿媳,动身去尼斯照顾病重的梅克夫人,柴可夫斯基让安娜带去他真挚的歉意,请梅克夫人宽恕他的沉默和消失。2个月之后,命运之神夺走了柴可夫斯基的生命。又过了2个月,命运之神带去柴可夫斯基辞世的噩耗,以此带走了梅克夫人的生命。 |
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柴可夫斯基和梅克夫人的通信集 |
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1875年左右,冯·梅克家族。男爵夫人Nadezhda
Filaretovna在她的怀里抱着最小的女儿Ljudmila
(Milochka)。这个小女孩实际上是亚历山大·约林的私生女,坐在左边,同时也是男爵夫人的丈夫,工程师卡尔·冯·梅克(中间戴着黑帽子)的秘书。卡尔——不知道这个事实——他们的二女儿亚历山德拉听说了这个真相,这件事导致了男人心脏病发作死亡。冯•梅克夫妇的子女多达18人(1848年至1872年),其中11人幸存。在中间的照片中,戴着白色帽子的弗拉基米尔是男爵夫人最喜欢的儿子之一 |
The
family von Meck around 1875. The
baroness Nadezhda Filaretovna is left and holding in her
arms the youngest daughter, Ljudmila (Milochka). This
little girl was in reality the illegitimate daughter of
Alexander Yolshin, sitting on the left and too secretary
of the Baroness' husband, the engineer Karl von Meck
(center with dark hat). Karl-unaware
of the fact-heard of this truth by their second daughter
Alexandra thing that caused the death of man to heart
attack. The
children of the couple von Meck were as many as 18
(between 1848 and 1872), of which 11 survivors. In
the photo in the center with white hat, Vladimir, one of
the favorite sons of the Baroness. |
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《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金 》(柴科夫斯基谱曲的三幕歌剧)简介 |
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《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》(俄语:«Евгений Онегин»;,拉丁转写:Yevgény
Onégin,作品号二十四)是俄国作曲家柴科夫斯基所谱曲的三幕歌剧。俄语脚本由作曲家和康斯坦丁·西罗夫斯基(К. С.
Шиловский)基于俄国著名诗人亚历山大·普希金1830年发表的同名长篇诗文小说改编而成。该剧1879年在尼古莱·鲁宾斯坦指挥下首演于莫斯科马利剧院(Малый
театр,Москва)。
《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》是抒情歌剧的典型作品。歌剧脚本的遣词用字十分贴近普希金的原著,保留了不少普希金的原诗,还有柴可夫斯基添加的音乐和戏剧元素。剧情讲述一位自私英雄的终生抱憾:当年玩世不恭地拒绝一名少女的求爱;还有草率激怒好友,导致在决斗中杀死对方。该剧有不少套全剧录音,也经常在各地上演。
亚历山大·普希金(1799—1837)1877年5月,莫斯科大剧院歌手伊利莎维塔·拉芙洛芙斯卡娅(Елизаве́та
Андре́евна
Лавро́вская)提议柴可夫斯基,基于普希金的《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金》,创作歌剧。柴氏在回忆录中写到,初认为这个主意是难以实现的。但很快柴氏的创作热情被激起,并在开始谱曲前一晚,已经规划好剧情与场景的安排。更在同年6月底几乎完成了全剧三分之二的创作。
但由于柴可夫斯基1877年7月6日的婚礼和新婚后的风风雨雨,导致该剧创作的停滞。7月底,柴可夫斯基离开新婚妻子,赴自己妹妹在乌克兰的庄园度假,继续创作。此后,柴氏虽然饱受情绪困扰,但其后在瑞士和意大利游历期间,该剧的创作依然没有停下来,直至1878年1月全剧的创作完成。
柴可夫斯基将该剧归类为“抒情场景集(scènes
lyriques)”,大量运用普希金的原诗,但只挑选数个场景,交代主角的命运和感情世界。这套歌剧的剧情发展并非整体连贯,只由奥涅金人生中几个重要场景组成。由于奥涅金的故事当时在俄国相当著名,柴可夫斯基清楚,他的观众能自行补充他删去的剧情和细节。类似的处理手法见于普契尼的《波希米亚人》。
柴可夫斯基担心这套缺乏传统场景转换的歌剧,能否为大众所接受,因此他认为首演的编制越简单越好。基于这个考虑,他把该剧的全球首演交托予莫斯科音乐学院的学生。该剧首演过后一炮而红,1881年转到莫斯科大剧院首演,1884年在圣彼得堡马林斯基剧院首演。 |
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柴可夫斯基的歌剧《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金 》剧照 |
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柴可夫斯基的歌剧《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金 》剧照 |
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柴可夫斯基的歌剧《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金 》剧照 |
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柴可夫斯基的歌剧《叶甫盖尼·奥涅金 》剧照 |
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彼得·伊里奇·柴可夫斯基(Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky) |
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俄罗斯著名音乐大师维克多·特列季亚科夫(Viktor
Tretyiakov)在德国米滕瓦尔德的音乐节上给田元上大师课的情景
。特列季亚科夫在1966年的第三届莫斯科柴可夫斯基国际音乐大赛上获得了小提琴冠军的荣誉,
特列季亚科夫获奖时他刚刚20岁,在音乐学院上学,他获奖以后仍然非常勤奋,记者在采访他的妈妈时,他的妈妈谈特在获奖之后,还和原先一样“每天8点起床,并立即开始练琴,他一直以为“一天之计在于晨”坚持早晨多练琴,他每天练琴不少于5个小时,他还要努力保持其它科目都得5分,他每天都这样不知疲倦地埋头学习,直到晚九点。”
特列季亚科夫后来曾多次担任柴可夫斯基音乐比赛的评委会主席。他是柴可夫斯基协奏曲的权威诠释者。田元接受了他的指导以后,演奏柴可夫斯基协奏曲就具备了十足的信心。 |
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在德国米滕瓦尔德的音乐节,音乐节艺术总监斯万·斯图克教授在给田元上大师课 |
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田元在德国米滕瓦尔德的音乐节的圣彼得保罗大教堂演奏柴可夫斯基《D大调小提琴协奏曲》第一乐章。 |
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【柴可夫斯基歌剧】叶甫盖尼·奥涅金 Eugene Onegin (索尔蒂指挥)(中文字幕) |
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作品类型:
官方现场
简介补充:
三幕歌剧,俄语脚本由作曲家和康斯坦丁·西罗夫斯基基于俄国著名诗人亚历山大·普希金1830年发表的同名长篇诗文小说改编而成。本剧是抒情歌剧的典型作品。歌剧脚本的遣词用字十分贴近普希金的原著,保留了不少普希金的原诗,还有柴可夫斯基添加的音乐和戏剧元素。剧情讲述一位自私英雄的终生抱憾:当年玩世不恭地拒绝一名少女的求爱;还有草率激怒好友,导致在决斗中杀死对 |
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【曲式结构】
序曲
第一幕
No.1 - 二重唱和四重唱
No.2 - 合唱和农民之舞
No.3 - 场景和奥尔嘉的咏叙调
No.4 - 场景
No.5 - 场景与四重唱
No.6 - 场景
No.6a - 连斯基咏叙调
No.7 - 终曲场景
No.8 - 间奏曲和保姆场景
No.9 - 书信场景
No.10 - 场景和二重唱
No.11 - 少女合唱
No.12 - 场景
No.12a - 奥涅金的咏叹调
第二幕
No.13 - 间奏曲和圆舞曲
No.14 - 场景和特里盖的对句曲
No.15 - 马祖卡和场景
No.16 - 终曲
No.17 - 场景
No.17a - 连斯基的咏叹调
No.18 - 决斗场景
第三幕
No.19 - 波兰舞曲
No.20 - 场景和苏格兰舞曲
No.20a - 格列明亲王的咏叹调
No.21 - 场景
No.21a - 奥涅金的咏叙调
No.22 - 终曲场景
【著名唱段】
第一幕
1. 书信场景咏叹调:“让我死去,但先……”(Сцена письма: «Пускай погибну
я, но прежде…» , 塔提雅娜)
第二幕
2. 圆舞曲
3. 咏叹调:“青春的黄金岁月,你到哪里去了?” («Куда, куда вы удалились,
весны моей златые дни» ,连斯基)
第三幕
4. 波兰舞曲
5. 咏叹调:“爱情无分老幼” («Любви все возрасты покорны»
,格列明亲王)
6. 终曲场景:二重唱(塔提雅娜、奥涅金) |
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